Published
on
By
‘A Feminist Voyage through International Relations’, is a book published in 2014 by Oxford University Press and is a collection of eleven articles and book chapters written by J. Ann Tickner between 1988 and 2011. Ann Tickner is one of the most renowned feminists international-relations scholar who is credited with creating the sub-field of feminism in international relations. The book is a portrayal of Tickner’s views on gender in international relations, along with how they have changed over time, as well as some of her reactions and criticisms of issues such as religion, imperialism, racism etc. Tickner has highlighted the importance of analysing IR epistemologies, methodologies and ontologies through gender lens for making it less male-centric and Non-Western. The book consists of introduction, three broad themes that consists of various chapters, followed by a conclusion.
In introductory part, Tickner has provided personal account of her life and career that made her interested in gender issues in international relations. She has described her journey as a child during WW2 and her experience of the effect of war on ordinary people and how these experiences helped her realize the importance of feminist understanding of war and conflict. She also described the arguments of various feminist scholars in other disciplines like Fox Keller, Carol Gilligan, and Carol Merchant which made her produce insights about feminist analysis in IR theory. She also talked about her academic career and how it helped her realise the value of feminist methodological approach in all fields which would help to bring new perspectives in the traditional IR scholarship and at the same time highlight the intersectionality of race, class, religion, etc. with a feminist approach.
Part1, which consists of five articles, gives a feminist critique of popular conceptions and theories as well as reformulation of these ideas through the feminist lens. Ann Tickner has critiqued a number of ideas for their limited and masculine framing, including peace, security, power, globalisation, international politics and international economics. Tickner’s reformulation of these concepts and predominance of men in the field of IR provides insights to the readers that knowledge is highly gendered in IR.
In first chapter, published in 1988, Tickner has challenged Morgenthau’s realist assumptions as based on objective reality and criticized positivist ways of knowing things and presented a feminist reformulation of Morgenthau’s principles. She argues that because men dominate the subject of IR, knowledge is highly gendered. Tickner first demonstrates how Morgenthau’s realism is gender-neutral and signifies autonomy, relationality, amoral behaviour, national interests, and power as control. Then, she highlights how these one-dimensional concepts are highly-gendered and highlights principles that acknowledge relationality, political morality, multiple interests, and enabling power.
She reinterpreted ideas like power and questioned why dominance was the only way it could be understood rather than coming from cooperation. She challenged the idea of security, which ignores structural violence and environmental dangers, and offered a feminist redefinition of security which introduces security not just for the state but also for people and environment.
Tickner’s feminist reformulation of Morgenthau’s realism occupies central place in IR and is one of the most popular theories taught to IR students. Her feminist reformulation of concepts like security, power, peace etc. are extensively studied by scholars.
In second chapter, which were two separate articles written in 1994 and 2007, Tickner has focussed on security and peace studies. She argued that security studies, which is a male-dominated domain, has privilege place in IR and despite the growth of feminist scholarship within the security domain, it still resists incorporating gender into its subject matter. Tickner believes that peace studies, which is often associated with women, has a long way to go before receiving the same level of respect in IR.
Tickner’s arguments in this chapter are still relevant and tremendous literature has further been produced which addresses feminist insights in security studies and relationality of women with peace studies.
In third chapter, written in 1991, Tickner has examined international political economy and its focus on economic globalization. She applied Robert Gilpin’s framework, in which Gilpin conceptualised IPE in terms of liberalism, realism, and Marxism, with individuals, states, and classes serving as units of analysis. Individuals and states, according to Gilpin, are rational beings who engage in competitive behaviour to maintain security in domestic and global economies. Tickner regards this behaviour as masculine and emphasises the invisible-economic work done by women. She also criticised the Marxist viewpoint for ignoring women’s roles. Tickner presented a feminist reformulation of the concept of IPE from the bottom up to ensure individuals’ needs near the end.
Since Gilpin’s three ideologies still apply to how we think about security and IPE, the notions in this article are still valid.
Fourth chapter, written in 1993, presents environmental perspectives on political economy. The article has explored exploitation of environment because of interaction between markets and state. Tickner has related this concept with ecofeminism which likens exploitation of environment with exploitation of women. She also argued that women are most disempowered by environmental exploitation because of their unique relationship with nature.
Fifth Chapter, written in 2004, focuses on economic globalization and its consequences for economic security of women. She has explored feminist-analysis of globalization and the invisible consequences of globalization on women. She has described how roles of caring and reproductive work have been naturalized over time and how this division of labour in society has legitimised less wages for women. Tickner believes this ‘masculinised’ notions of globalization could be broken when traditional roles of men and women are broken which would further change the roles in institutions. She has also emphasised benefit of globalisation, i.e., improved communication for women, which has expanded social movements at local, national, and international levels.
The concepts introduced in the last two chapter are worth reading since environmental problems and the consequences of globalization have become more pressing issues these days.
Part2 consists of essays that debate problems related to methodology and post-positivist discussions in the domains of feminist studies and international relations. Tickner has exposed methodology as highly patriarchal and emphasised the value of feminist-analysis within traditional-positivist subject of IR.
First article deals with engagements on methodology with various scholars. Tickner has described how despite various feminist IR approaches, traditional IR scholars, especially, in USA do not take them seriously arguing that these approaches lack empirical research and analytical mindset. Ticker identified three misunderstandings in regard to feminist place in IR: misinterpretation of meaning of gender by traditionalists; non-recognition of different realities and ethnographic, narrative, cross-cultural and other methods that feminist thought relies on; and misunderstanding that feminist thought doesn’t rely on theory.
In Second and third article, Tickner addresses those who pick up the methodological debate. She criticized quantitative research methods and highlighted the difficulties in collecting data and involvement of politics in it. She presents four features of feminist methodology: incorporation of women’s experiences to design research, challenging core assumptions through gender lens, engaging in reflexivity, and producing knowledge that helps in solving problems and transforming structures within existing power structures.
Tickner’s criticism of quantitative approaches has evoked debates within feminist IR scholars doing quantitative research. But later, she acknowledges the importance of quantitative work but still remained doubtful regarding its potential to support the feminist theories she has been constructing. Various feminist IR researchers have started to disagree with Tickner’s perspective on the topic of quantitative research, the problem has not yet been resolved.
Part3 of the book consists of three articles which mentions about contemporary issues such as 9/11 attacks, religion and IR’s understanding of its own history. Tickner has discussed how to understand and respect diversity, as well as how to facilitate talks across difference. Tickner’s focus has expanded to cover various types of religious difference, fundamentalism, race, and the colonial history of international relations (IR). She has discussed the shift in IR ontologies, example, that the foundations of the global order lie not only in Westphalia, but also in history of postcolonial studies, religion, imperialism, genocide, etc.
First chapter talks about 9/11 attack and presents a feminist analysis of the event and showcases how Occidentalism is taught in madrassas and western nations are seen as object of hate and accused of moral decadence. Yet people are promised sexual rewards after their spiritual death for the cause. She also brings forth the connotations of gender-negativeness through words of politicians and theorists. The article describes Afghan women as victims and shows how feminist analysis exposes and questions these stereotypical gender representation. The articles conclude with three generalized lessons: gendering of war and peace constraints women’s opportunities; women wear the burdens of religion and culture; and women’s gains from war may not last longer.
In Chapter 10, Tickner showed IR’s inability to fit religion into its conventional explanations of war and begins to explore how methodologies used by feminists might help explain religious motivations. She has focused on ‘dialogues, hermeneutics and reflective’ approaches as a method to gain insight and knowledge favoured by feminists and with mainstream IR.
In last chapter, Tickner has highlighted how West has covered knowledge generating from other parts and feminist postcolonial voices and opines that knowledge is seriously hampered by “power of hegemonic knowledge structures”.
Tickner’s identification of different ontologies and methodologies in IR is still relevant because it highlights knowledge from position of those living at margins and investigate their silences and absence.
The book’s conclusion discusses feminist marginalisation in IR, IR feminist quantitative methods, and the future of feminist IR scholarship both inside and outside the field.
The feminist insights provided by Tickner are very forward looking and have great relevance in feminist IR literature.It has enabled researchers to understand the importance of using gender as an analytical tool and bluntly brought out gender-neutrality of concepts, methodologies and ontologies in IR and at the same time reformulated them in a gender-sensitive manner.
Although the book might be difficult to comprehend for young scholars trying to understand gender analysis due to presence of enormous theoretical perspective, specially, in last part of book. But, overall, the book is highly satisfying and has aptly captured the arguments and debates in feminist approach to IR. The book being a collection of an intellectual and personal journey of a renowned academician, J. Ann Tickner, who transformed the journey of traditional IR theory to feminist lens of IR, is worth reading.
References:
A Feminist Voyage Through International Relations. By J. Ann Tickner. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
Helsinki Spirit Revisited
Liza Gupta is a student currently pursuing Masters in Diplomacy, Law and Business from O.P. Jindal Global University. She is fascinated about the Kashmir issue and the gender issues and wants to pursue doctoral studies in the subject.
The latest Kissinger: Leadership and the eavesdropping on history
‘Chinaphobia – A Wasted Opportunity’: Book Review
How Sun Tzu theory about war and strategy is applicable in contemporary warfare today?
The India-Pakistan Sub-Conventional War: Democracy and Peace in South Asia -Book Review
The Need for Feminist Foreign Policy in India
Jay Steinfeld – Author of bestselling book The 4 Principals for Profit and Prosperity
Published
on
By
“DIPLOMACY IS AN ART”. “Bring young people to play leadership roles”.-H.E. Mr. Lamberto Zannier
As part of the Geneva Lecture Series concepted and conducted by prof. Anis H. Bajrektarevic, former Secretary-General of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), Amb. Lamberto Zannier gave a highly mesmerizing and content intensive lecture for the faculty members and Geneva-based diplomats.* Excellency Zannier outlined his view on current affairs as the first speaker of the newly created executive program on world politics and diplomacy (EMIRGP).
H.E. Ambassador Mr. Lamberto Zannier is a distinguished Expert at OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, a career diplomat with high-level experience in the Italian Foreign Service and in International Organizations, namely NATO and UN specialized agencies, mainly specializing in multilateral and security affairs. Before joining the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly in September 2020, H.E. served as OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (2017 – 2020), OSCE Secretary General (2011 – 2017), UN Special Representative for Kosovo with the rank of UN Under-Secretary-General (2008 – 2011), Director of the OSCE Conflict Prevention Centre (2002 – 2006).
Ambassador Zannier has been a member of the Board of Trustees of the OSCE Academy in Bishkek, the Advisory Board of the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) and the EU ISS Board of Directors. Ambassador Zannier holds a law degree and an honorary degree in International and Diplomatic Sciences from the University of Trieste, Italy. His Excellency has authored a number of publications on security, conflict prevention and crisis management issues.
During his lecture, Ambassador Zannier gave a comprehensive analysis of the current security issues in Europe, in which he discussed a number of topics, such as: global politics; OSCE development phases; the war in Ukraine; challenges to multilateral diplomacy; the Kosovo case.
Presenting the development phases of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which is the world’s largest regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization with observer status at the United Nations, H.E. Ambassador Zannier mentioned that its mandate includes issues such as arms control, promotion of human rights, freedom of press, free and fair elections. The Organization has its roots in the 1973 Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). The CSCE opened in Helsinki on 3 July 1973 with 35 states sending representatives. The Stage I took five days to agree to follow the Blue Book. Stage II was the main working phase and was conducted in Geneva from 18 September 1973 until 21 July 1975. The result of Stage II was the Helsinki Final Act, whichwas signed by the 35 participating states during Stage III in Finlandia Hall between 30 July – 1 August 1975. It was opened by the Holy See’s diplomat Cardinal Agostino Casaroli, who was the Chairman of the conference. The concepts of improving relations and implementing the act were developed over a series of follow-up meetings, with major gatherings in Belgrade (4 October 1977 – 8 March 1978), Madrid (11 November 1980 – 9 September 1983) and Vienna (4 November 1986 – 19 January 1989). The Moscow Mechanism was agreed in 1991. (See https://www.osce.org/odihr/20066).
Relating to the further development of the OSCE, the fall of the Soviet Union required a change of role for the CSCE. The Charter of Paris for a New Europe, signed on 21 November 1990, marked the beginning of this change. The process was capped by the renaming of the CSCE as the OSCE on 1 January 1995, in accordance with the results of a conference held in Budapest in 1994. The OSCE now had a formal secretariat, a Senior Council, a Parliamentary Assembly, a Conflict Prevention Centre, and an Office for Free Elections, which later became the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (see https://www.osce.org/whatistheosce).
During the day, special focus was put on the current war in Ukraine, its consequences for the European Union and its struggle with energetic crisis. Ambassador Zannier portrayed geopolitical angles proficiently and detailed, with rigour and precise structure. Audience therefore anticipated with many interesting questions, understanding how geopolitical situation and security architecture, embedded in OSCE and NATO, alongside active involvement in global crisis management, creates a subtle, delicate, wobbly and unstable entity.
Faculty fellows and diplomats received the first hand insights by Mr. Zannier on the Kosovo case, as he was appointed as the UN Special Representative for Kosovo with the rank of UN Under-Secretary-General from 2008 to 2011.
Regarding the challenges of multilateral diplomacy,H.E. Ambassador Mr. Lamberto Zannier also explained the importance of multilateral endeavours and all obstacles we encounter in vast international milieu:
“All the trends outlined above have significant implications for efforts of the international community to prevent, manage and resolve current and future armed conflicts. Multilateral institutions like the UN or the OSCE struggle to keep up with the latest developments in modern warfare and address adequately crisis and conflict situations erupting around the globe. Challenging and complex conditions in many conflict areas, often marked by a very volatile and unstable security environment, make it extremely difficult for multilateral actors to adapt to a rapidly evolving situation on the ground. Despite increasing efforts to invest in prevention, the international community is too often engaging too late in crisis management and prevention policies focus mainly on the risk of further escalation”.
Excellency Zannier is a polyglot, open, wise, and extremely interesting conversationalist. We decided to ask him some mundane questions about the personal growth and competence development. Here is an interesting insight:
Q: “How do you win, by talking or by listening?
H.E.: “I believe by listening. Listen very carefully and make your own conclusions. Listen and understand what the concerns are”.
* OSCE Secretary-General Amb. Lamberto Zannier answered the call of the Geneva Swiss University on September 02nd, 2022, and gave this lecture under the auspices of so-called ‘Executive Master in Intl. Relations and Global Politics’. Lecture series will host current and former heads of states or government and other influencers in the world of politics, economy, security and energy.
Published
on
By
Sujit S Nair., FRSA, the Chairman of Europe India Centre for Business & Industry (EICBI), is an accomplished international trade and relations professional with expertise in the UK- India and EU India corridor. Over the past eleven years, he has organised 22 Major summits at British Parliament in London and 3 Major summits at European Parliament in Brussels to promote relations between India and the EU as well as between India and the UK, in addition to other activities like delegations’ visits, virtual interactions etc.
Sujit is also an entrepreneur with interest in the beauty sector. Along with his wife, Lakshmi Menon, they run a social impact venture called Face Palette in Kerala, India, that uses Makeup as a tool to take women on a journey to employability and entrepreneurship, equipping them with a flexitime skillset like makeup artistry that helps them to balance their personal and professional commitments.
Please tell us more about your work at Europe India Centre for Business Industry.
Europe India Centre for Business and Industry (EICBI), managed by Sivaleen Foundation for Developed India, is an independent, multilateral organisation promoting trade and relationships in the UK India corridor and EU India corridor. EICBI was formed to make EU/ UK companies aware of the business opportunities in India and vice versa. EICBI hosts projects and international forums to promote specific business and geopolitical initiatives.
We create awareness and opportunities for our stakeholders through our physical summits, virtual events, an annual listing of EuropeIndia40 leaders and delegation visits of European MPs to India. This year 2022, celebrates 60 years of establishment of diplomatic relations between India and the European Union (EU), and EICBI has been organising a series of activities as part of the EUIndia60 Campaign.
What are some key industries where we are seeing Europe and India collaboration currently?
For EICBI, our European activities focus on promoting collaboration in the UK India corridor and EU India corridor.
In the UK India corridor, the top sectors of interest for UK companies were India’s industrial, business services, technology, consumer retail and e-commerce. The top sectors of interest for Indian companies in the UK were food and drink, creative and media, environment, infrastructure and transportation, biotechnology and pharmaceutical.
In the EU India corridor, textiles, leather, pharma, sports goods, some agri products, handicrafts, and handlooms are some of the critical industries from India that have a significant presence in the EU. In the case of EU companies in India, key industries are in Automotives, Chemicals and Business Services Sector.
Tell us more about your work as an RSA Connector.
As the RSA connector based in India, I am a point of contact for fellows in India. I also scout for people doing great work in India and put forth their nominations for the RSA fellowship network.
How has being a part of RSA created value in your life?
I have been a fellow of the RSA for nearly a decade. Being an RSA fellow helps me be part of a diverse network of like-minded people and expand my work. Also, as part of my work, I meet many highly credible leaders and stakeholders in the EU India/ UK India corridor. The fellowship of the RSA helped to increase my credibility in this network.
How can the RSA Fellowship create value for people who are not based in the UK?
RSA fellows outside the UK must actively use the RSA social network to connect with other RSA fellows in their region. This will help to meet potential fellows and explore collaborations with them.
How do you envision India – UK partnership in the upcoming years with the change in Prime Ministerial Candidate in 2022?
India – UK partnership will continue to thrive irrespective of who will become the Prime Minister in 2022. India-UK relations are on a high trajectory, and there have been a series of discussions and interactions between political leaders, government officials and other stakeholders from the UK and India. There is also a strong political will to get the Free Trade Agreement signed in the next few months. UK PM Boris Johnson’s strong support for signing FTA with India and his special friendship with Indian PM Narendra Modi did help in sorting out several issues between India and the UK. As the new PM might take a bit of time to get up to date with the issues, I assume that UK India FTA might be delayed by a few months, but I do not see any adverse changes to India UK partnership due to the change of the Prime Minister in the UK.
What are your plans for the future?
I hope to continue pursuing my work in promoting UK India and EU India relations in the foreseeable future. When compared to the EU India corridor, the UK India corridor has a greater number of stakeholders who are actively working in promoting relations between the regions. I believe that there is a lot more work to be done in connecting people and leveraging opportunities in these regions. As I also run a beauty venture with my wife, I hope to continue Face Palette’s work in supporting more women in India to be financially independent.
Published
on
By
Asad Lalljee is SVP, Essar Group, CEO, Avid Learning and Curator, Royal Opera House, Mumbai. Prior to relocating to India, Asad worked for 14 years as one of the ‘Mad Men’ advertising executives on New York’s Madison Avenue. He was with McCann-Erickson, and earlier with Hill Holiday, a subsidiary of advertising giant In 2018, he was inducted into the prestigious FICCI Art and Culture Committee. He has previously worked for companies like McCann-Erickson and Hill Holiday (IPG) in New York. He holds a B.A. Economics (St. Xavier’s College) and an M.A. Global Marketing Communications (Emerson College, Boston).
What does your work at Avid Learning look like?
My tryst with Avid Learning was nothing less than a serendipitous one. After 14 years of working as a Mad Man in Madison Avenue when I came to Mumbai, I was introduced to Avid Learning. Since then, by imbibing a simple mantra that I lived by so far- Learning Never Stops- I took a modest year old continuing education program and started to create content and programs around the arts (Applied, Visual and performing).
Today Avid Learning has grown into one of Mumbai’s leading public programming platforms and is firmly entrenched in the country’s wider cultural ecosystem of which I am the CEO.
Over the years, under my aegis, AVID has gained a reputation for curating thought provoking, innovative and path-breaking content that is intellectually and creatively stimulating and engages with a variety of topical subjects and trends. Our thoughtfully curated and diverse events embrace the spirit of collaboration to bring together the best of Indian and international writers, artists, intellectuals, cultural experts, policymakers and industry leaders across Visual Art, Literature, Culture and Heritage, Education, Design & Technology and the Performing Arts through engaging and dynamic formats like panel discussions, workshops & master classes, roundtables, lecture demonstrations, festival platforms, symposiums & conferences, multidisciplinary performances and walkthroughs.
Tell us more about your role at the Royal Opera House?
In 2016, I was appointed as the curator of the newly restored Royal Opera House, Mumbai where my role consists ofcuration of eclectic and multidisciplinary programming. Today Royal Opera House has positioned itself as not just a spectacular location and heritage landmark, but more so as a proactive partner and catalyst in the propagation and revival of arts and culture in the city. Apart from the venue playing host to performances across several genres of music and theatre and presenting unique comedy and fashion shows on its grand stage, AVID has depersonalised the space by also bringing in Literature through book launches, Art through interdisciplinary performances, discussions, pop-ups and a robust arts initiative.
How did your experience at Ad agencies in New York create a base for your current work in India?
It is always believed that Advertising is just a form of Arts. After spending 14 years in Advertising at NYC and having worked with some of the biggest brands, I have learned that power to connect with target audiences lies in leveraging a multitude of creative tactics.
In the same way, at AVID I have continued to adapt the fundamentals of advertising, technology, brand elements and social media for my campaigns and create new forms of engagement touchpoints audiences. My aim is to make culture cool, accessible, inspirational to not just the few handful communities but for kids, for new voices for nascent talent from all borders.
What are some projects you see yourself working on for the rest of 2022?
In 2022, We will continue to curate a multiverse and hybrid programming module, based on current industry trends, and learnings from COVID-era practices, this financial year, Avid Learning aims to continue to build its programming platform into an integrated hybrid model which features both virtual and in person programs. Our focus this year will also be on strengthening our cultural diplomatic ties and creating newer platforms and opportunities for artists across borders to come and re-engage with arts post the gap of 2 years.
We have also planned to partner with Start Art and Kala Ghoda Arts Festival to present sustainability-related conversations and discussions on Mumbai’s diasporic communities and heritage. We also have in the pipeline ‘The (Un)Convention’, a day long production featuring performances and presentations by industry and some of the best artists in the country.
How can we promote culture and arts further in India?
I have always believed in the power of cultural diplomacy to widen horizons and broaden minds and have been applying it to my work at AVID as well. I believe that by leveraging our local and international relationships we can bring the best of International Art, Culture and Design to our city and our audiences. This has always been my focus in promoting Arts and Culture further in India.
What are three social causes you feel passionate about and want to amplify?
I have always believed in the power of the arts in impacting great social change and have regularly offered our support and platforms for social advocacy. At Royal Opera House, Mumbai, I have brought on stage various differently-abled groups and artistes. We had a fantastic visually impaired orchestra perform on stage, displayed beautiful braille art, and many such events. We have also aligned with powerful annual socio-diplomatic initiatives like International Day of the Girl Child and International Women’s Day and supported significant campaigns like UN Women’s HeforShe and One Billion Rising.
In 2022, I pulled together an elaborate series of presentations, panel discussions and workshops called Sustainability NOW with an aim to convert audiences into change-makers and custodians of a greener tomorrow. Under this umbrella, we have had over 40 thought-provoking programmes.
I am personally passionate about growing and supporting the Arts Education landscape here in India, Being a parent, I have realised the importance of quality education and the power of the arts to mold children. Keeping that in mind, we have programmed numerous edutaining events for kids – from hosting children’s literature festivals annually to organising arts pedagogy roundtables and publishing an illustrated children’s book to engagingly teach them about sustainability.
The newly Coral Woman book was one such effort to empower the future custodians of the earth through the power of arts.
Which are some books that have influenced you personally?
Reading equipped me with many professional and life lessons. I remember devouring books whenever I got a chance. Three books stand out for me which helped me through my advertising years in New York were – AdCultUSA by James Twitchell, The anatomy of Buzz by Emanuel Rosen, and Straight from the Gut by Jack Welch.
The Afghan economy is adjusting to a “new normal” following the events of August 2021, which brought about a significant…
The Commission is today proposing a new emergency regulation to address high gas prices in the EU and ensure security…
Today’s world, with its current architecture of international relations, has entered a new phase of transformation, one that will take…
The situation in Mali continues to justify sustained international attention and engagement, the top UN official in the West African…
Sleep. I don’t sleep anymore at night. I don’t sleep very well, or, not at all. You only see what…
Despite concerns about the effects of the current energy crisis, global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion are…
The Commission has today disbursed a first instalment of €2 billion under the €5 billion exceptional macro-financial assistance (MFA) operation…
On The Brink of Armageddon
Paki nukes “without cohesion”?
Kazakhstan’s New Measures to Protect Human Rights
The Perils of Russian mobilisation
Why African Energy Week 2022 in Cape Town Becomes Significant for Africa
The Quest of Imran Khan
U.S. Regime Threatens to ‘Hang’ Pakistan’s Popular Leader If He Holds Anti-Coup March
A “Multipolar World”: A Transformation in the Global System
Copyright © 2021 Modern Diplomacy