After Russia invaded Ukraine, guerillas from Belarus began carrying out acts of sabotage on their country's railways, including blowing up track equipment to paralyse rails that Russian forces used to get troops and weapons into Ukraine.
In the most recent sabotage to make international headlines, they attacked a Russian warplane parked just outside the Belarusian capital.
"Belarusians will not allow the Russians to freely use our territory for the war with Ukraine, and we want to force them to leave," Anton, a retired Belarusian serviceman who joined a group of saboteurs, told The Associated Press.
"The Russians must understand on whose side the Belarusians are actually fighting," he said, speaking on the condition that his last name be withheld for security reasons.
More than a year after Russia used the territory of its neighbour and ally to invade Ukraine, Belarus continues to host Russian troops, warplanes, missiles and other weapons.
The Belarusian opposition condemns the cooperation, and a guerilla movement sprang up to disrupt the Kremlin's operations, both on the ground and online.
Meanwhile, Belarus' authoritarian government is trying to crack down on saboteurs with threats of the death penalty and long prison terms.
Activists say the rail attacks have forced the Russian military to abandon the use of trains to send troops and material to Ukraine.
The retired serviceman is a member of the Association of Security Forces of Belarus, or BYPOL, a guerilla group founded amid mass political protests in Belarus in 2020. Its core is composed of former military members.
During the first year of the war, Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko realised that getting involved in the conflict "will cost him a lot and will ignite dangerous processes inside Belarus," said Anton Matolka, coordinator of the Belarusian military monitoring group Belaruski Hajun.
Last month, BYPOL claimed responsibility for a drone attack on a Russian warplane stationed near the Belarusian capital.
The group said it used two armed drones to damage the Beriev A-50 parked at the Machulishchy Air Base near Minsk.
Belarusian authorities said they requested the early warning aircraft to monitor their border.
Mr Lukashenko acknowledged the attack a week later, saying that the damage to the plane was insignificant but it had to be sent to Russia for repairs.
The iron-fisted leader also said the perpetrator of the attack was arrested along with more than 20 accomplices and that he has ties to Ukrainian security services.
Both BYPOL and Ukrainian authorities rejected allegations that Kyiv was involved.
The most striking sentiment I came across during a recent trip to Ukraine was the absolute determination of Ukrainians to fight to the end, whatever that end may be.
BYPOL leader Aliaksandr Azarau said the people who carried out the assault were able to leave Belarus safely.
"We are not familiar with the person Lukashenko talked about," he said.
The attack on the plane, which Azarau said was used to help Russia locate Ukrainian air defence systems, was "an attempt to blind Russian military aviation in Belarus."
He said the group is preparing other operations to free Belarus "from the Russian occupation" and to free Belarus from Lukashenko's regime.
"We have a two-headed enemy these days," said Mr Azarau, who remains outside Belarus.
Former military officers in the BYPOL group work closely with the team of Belarus' exiled opposition leader, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya, who ran against Lukashenko in the 2020 presidential election that was widely seen as rigged.
The disputed vote results handed him his sixth term in office and triggered the largest protests in the country's history.
In response, Mr Lukashenko unleashed a brutal crackdown on demonstrators, accusing the opposition of plotting to overthrow the government. Ms Tsikhanouskaya fled to Lithuania under pressure.
With the protests still simmering a year after the election, BYPOL created an underground network of anti-government activists dubbed Peramoha, or Victory. According to Mr Azarau, the network has some 200,000 participants, two-thirds in Belarus.
"Lukashenko has something to be afraid of," Mr Azarau said.
Belarusian guerillas say they have already carried out 17 major acts of sabotage on railways.
The first took place just two days after Russian troops rolled into Ukraine.
A month later, then-Ukrainian railways head Oleksandr Kamyshin said there "was no longer any railway traffic between Ukraine and Belarus", and thanked Belarusian guerillas for it.
Another group of guerillas operates in cyberspace. Their coordinator, Yuliana Shametavets, said some 70 Belarusian IT specialists are hacking into Russian government databases and attacking the websites of Russian and Belarusian state institutions.
"The future of Belarus depends directly on the military success of Ukraine," Ms Shametavets said. "We're trying to contribute to Ukraine's victory as best we can."
Last month, the cyber guerillas reported hacking a subsidiary of Russia's state media watchdog, Roskomnadzor.
They said they were able to penetrate the subsidiary's inner network, download more than two terabytes of documents and emails, and share data showing how Russian authorities censor information about the war in Ukraine.
They also hacked into Belarus' state database containing information about border crossings and are now preparing a report on Ukrainian citizens who were recruited by Russia and went to meet with their handlers in Belarus.
In addition, the cyber guerillas help vet Belarusians who volunteer to join the Kastus Kalinouski regiment that fights alongside Kyiv's forces.
Ms Shametavets said they were able to identify four security operatives among the applicants.
Belarusian authorities have unleashed a crackdown on guerillas.
Last May, Mr Lukashenko signed off on introducing the death penalty for attempted terrorist acts.
Last month, the Belarusian parliament also adopted the death penalty as punishment for high treason. Mr Lukashenko signed the measure on Thursday.
As the main corridor of aid heading into Ukraine and a hub for American troops, the Polish city of Rzeszów is now on high alert for "acts of sabotage".
"Belarusian authorities are seriously scared by the scale of the guerilla movement inside the country and don't know what to do with it, so they chose harsh repressions, intimidation and fear as the main tool," said Pavel Sapelka of the Viasna human rights group.
Dozens have been arrested, while many others have fled the country.
Siarhei Vaitsekhovich runs a Telegram blog where he regularly posts about Russian drills in Belarus and the deployment of Russian military equipment and troops to the country.
He had to leave Belarus after authorities began investigating him on charges of treason and forming an extremist group.
Mr Vaitsekhovich said his 15-year-old brother was recently detained in an effort to pressure him to take the blog down and cooperate with the security services.
Ales Bialiatski, a pro-democracy activist and founder of the Viasna human rights group, was convicted of financing protests and smuggling money.
The Russian Federal Security Service "is very unhappy with the fact that information about movements of Russian military equipment spills out into public domain," Mr Vaitsekhovich said.
According to Mr Viasna, over the past 12 months at least 1,575 Belarusians have been detained for their anti-war stance, and 56 have been convicted on various charges and sentenced to prison terms ranging from a year to 23 years.
Anton said he understood the risks. On one of the railway attacks, he worked with three associates who were each sentenced in November to more than 20 years in prison.
"It is hard to say who is in a more difficult position — a Ukrainian in a trench or a Belarusian on a stake-out," he said.
AP
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