This article was originally published January 21, 2020, and has been updated as of August 2022.
The food and agribusiness industry includes farms, restaurants and food manufacturing, processing and storage facilities. Companies within the food and agribusiness industry seek to employ talented professionals, such as research scientists, supply chain professionals, veterinarians and engineers, to bring food to the table in a changing world. With a focus on talent, food and agribusiness companies must understand the employment-based immigration factors that affect their U.S. workforces, as talented job candidates come from all over the world. Especially in periods of low unemployment, food and agribusiness companies need to be as competitive as possible in recruiting, hiring and retaining top-level talent.
This article provides fundamental information on immigration topics and options affecting food and agribusiness companies and their highly skilled workforces, as well as important compliance considerations.
Please contact the authors for questions regarding nonprofessional agricultural positions that may qualify for a nonimmigrant visa, such as the H-2A, nonprofessional manufacturing positions that may qualify for a nonimmigrant visa, such as the H-2B, or immigrant visas (green cards) for nonprofessional or skilled workforces.
H-1B – Specialty Occupation: The H-1B visa is one of the most common visas used by organizations that need to hire professional, qualified foreign talent in the United States. The H-1B visa classification is for specialty occupations, which are occupations that require:
The foreign national employee must meet the requirements for the position, including having a bachelor’s degree (or its equivalent based on years of work experience) or higher in a field related to the occupation. The employer must also demonstrate that it is offering the prevailing wage for the occupation in the proposed labor market.
For many food and agribusiness companies, research and food scientists, supply chain professionals, veterinarians and engineers are typical H-1B-eligible positions. Nonprofessional workers, such as farm hands and equipment operators, do not qualify for this visa category. Understanding the limitations of the H-1B visa and its applicability to a food and agribusiness workforce is key for a food and agribusiness company when developing its workforce.
A significant challenge for most employers seeking to sponsor an H-1B worker is the annual limit on the number of H-1B visa spots available. The annual cap is 65,000 new H-1B visas plus an additional 20,000 new H-1B visas for individuals who have graduated with a master’s degree or above from a U.S. university (for a total of 85,000 new H-1B visas per fiscal year). For many years, because more H-1B petitions have been filed than there are available visas, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has conducted a random lottery as a method to fairly determine which petitions get reviewed. In other words, there is no guarantee that an employer will be able to secure an H-1B visa for a qualified employee. For context, the selection rate in the most recent H-1B lottery was around 27%.
If a candidate for a professional position is already working in the United States in H-1B status, the new employer may submit an H-1B petition on his or her behalf at any time, avoiding the lottery. Foreign national employees have a maximum of six years of H-1B status available to them, although that maximum can be exceeded if the employee has begun the green card process. Where possible, employers seeking to hire individuals who already hold H-1B status should determine how many years of H-1B status remain to ensure strategies regarding the timing of starting the green card process factor into the hiring decision.
As stated above, an employer must demonstrate that it is offering the prevailing wage for the occupation in the proposed labor market. Therefore, when an H-1B employee moves to a new position or a new work location, the employer may be required to file an amended H-1B petition. An amended H-1B petition must be filed prior to the employee changing positions or work locations. When there is such a proposed change to an employee’s position and/or work location, the employer should contact immigration counsel to determine the consequences of the change regarding the employee’s immigration status.
Scrutiny on H-1B petitions remains high. In the past few years, Requests for Evidence (RFEs) and denials have been issued by USCIS at an unprecedented rate, causing processing delays and headaches for organizations that require H-1B visas for its professional workforce. As of Q4 2021, the RFE rate on H-1B petitions (whether for first-time or extension petitions) exceeded 11%, a sharp decrease from 2019 when the RFE rate exceed 60%.
H-1B1 – Chile and Singapore Professionals: Employees who are citizens of Chile and Singapore who otherwise qualify under the H-1B standards described above may seek H-1B1 status. Although infrequently used, employers should keep the H-1B1 category in mind for potential Chile and Singapore candidates.
E-3 – Australian Professionals: Australian citizen professionals who otherwise qualify under the H-1B standards described above may seek E-3 status. Although not used as frequently as the H-1B category, employers should keep the E-3 visa category in mind for potential Australian hires.
TN – Mexican and Canadian Professionals: The TN is a visa option for Mexican and Canadian citizens working in certain professional occupational categories that allows for U.S. work authorization. For food and agribusiness companies, common TN occupational categories include animal breeder, dairy scientist, plant breeder, horticulturist, biologist, soil scientist, poultry scientist, engineer, scientific technician/technologist and veterinarian.
To qualify for TN work authorization, the beneficiary must be a citizen of Canada or Mexico. Most of the listed categories additionally require that the beneficiary:
Food and agribusiness workers utilizing the scientific technician/technologist category must possess theoretical knowledge of any of the following disciplines1: agricultural science, biology, engineering, forestry, geology or physics and the ability to solve practical problems in any of those disciplines, or the ability to apply principles of any of those disciplines to basic or applied research. The required theoretical knowledge should have been acquired through at least two years of training in a relevant educational program, which may be documented by a diploma, certificate or transcript accompanied by evidence of relevant work experience. A businessperson in this category must be seeking temporary entry for work in direct support of a professional in one of the listed disciplines.
The initial period of stay in the U.S. in TN status is up to three years. Individuals who wish to remain in the U.S. beyond the initial three-year period must either file for an extension of stay with USCIS or depart from the U.S. and reapply for TN status. TN extensions of stay are usually granted in three-year increments.
There is no limit on the number of years one can work in TN status, although individuals may get further questioning from the immigration authorities when multiple extensions are filed. There are no limits on the number of new TN visas available in a given fiscal year.
L-1 Visa – Intracompany Transfer: The L-1 visa category is intended for individuals working in either a specialized knowledge or managerial/executive capacity abroad for at least 12 months in the previous three years to come to the U.S. to work for an affiliated entity in either a specialized knowledge or managerial/executive capacity.
Food and agribusiness companies must demonstrate that their specialized knowledge employees possess more than the usual level of knowledge and/or sophistication with proprietary processes, products, systems or applications to qualify for an L-1B specialized knowledge visa. Like H-1Bs, this category has come under scrutiny in recent years.
There are no numerical limits on L-1 visas. For L-1A managers and executives, the total period of authorized employment is seven years (three years of initial validity plus two two-year extensions). For L-1B specialized knowledge workers, the total period of authorized employment is five years (three years of initial validity plus one two-year extension).
F-1 – International Students: Most foreign students in the United States have F-1 student visas. F-1 students may work only in very narrow circumstances. F-1 students are generally allowed to work for one year after graduation in Optional Practical Training (OPT). An individual may work for any employer in OPT, as long as the work is closely related to his or her field of study. Currently, students in STEM fields may seek additional OPT work authorization for an additional 24 months if the employer uses the E-Verify employment verification system.
B-1 Visa – Business Travel: The B-1 visa is available to foreign nationals for temporary business visits to the United States. The B-1 visa is available for business travel for a specific and limited period of time. Permissible business activities include, but are not limited to, consulting with business associates, participating in short-term training, attending professional conventions or conferences, and negotiating contracts. The maximum amount of time permitted in B-1 status on any one trip is one year. The B-1 visitor is prohibited from engaging in any hands-on, productive work. Individuals from certain countries may be eligible to enter the United States without a visa. In recent years, B-1 business visitors have come under scrutiny when seeking admission to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Officials are now seeking additional information to demonstrate that the nature of the visit complies with B-1 rules and may request meeting agendas, calendar appointments and other evidence to prove the reason for the visit.
The above nonimmigrant visa categories are all temporary. An individual employed in one of these visa categories may be allowed to work for a few years in the United States. However, if the company wishes to employ the individual beyond the time limit of the nonimmigrant visa category, it must sponsor the employee for permanent residency, commonly known as a “green card.” Permanent resident status authorizes a foreign national to reside and work in the United States permanently.
The permanent residency process usually takes at least a few years and much longer if the employee was born in India or China. Given the limited amount of time of certain temporary visas as discussed above, employers should be mindful of this timing, as well as the timing to start the permanent residence process. Additionally, some temporary visa categories (such as H-2A and TN) do not provide a good platform from which to seek permanent residency, so it is often recommended to first change the employee’s status to another visa category that is a good platform for permanent residency (such as H-1B).
There are generally three steps to the permanent residency process:
The PERM labor certification process requires the employer to advertise and conduct a good faith recruitment effort to see if there are more qualified U.S. applicants available for the position. The employer must also demonstrate that it is offering the prevailing wage for the occupation in the proposed geographic location. The advertising and recruitment must be conducted according to strict requirements.
If PERM is approved, the employer then files an I-140 petition. The I-140 petition process confirms that the foreign national meets the requirements for the position and that the employer has the ability to pay the required salary.
After I-140 approval — depending on the foreign national’s country of birth — there may be a wait for a green card quota number to become available. The wait could be a few months or could extend to a few years or more. Once a quota number is available, I-485 adjustment of status applications are filed for the foreign national and immediate family members. Permanent resident status is granted, and green cards are issued upon approval of the I-485 applications.
A very limited number of foreign nationals employed in the food and agribusiness industry are eligible to skip the PERM labor certification step. Their green card cases start with an I-140 petition most likely in the multinational executive/manager category. For this category, the foreign national must have been or be employed abroad in executive/managerial capacity for at least one of the past three years (or if in the U.S. for at least one year in the three-year period before initially coming to the U.S.) and seek to enter the U.S. to provide executive/managerial service to the same employer or to a subsidiary, parent, branch or affiliate. This can sometimes be a good option for food and agribusiness executives and managers. Senior-level researchers can also qualify for an outstanding researcher I-140 petition, which would also allow them to skip the PERM labor certification.
Hiring the most qualified employees is critical to growing any business. During interviews, food and agribusiness companies may be eager to identify key skills and attributes to ascertain “fit.” However, certain questions may run afoul to federal and state anti-discrimination provisions, including questions focused on nationality or immigration status.
According to the Department of Justice’s Immigrant and Employee Rights section, employers may ask the following two questions on job applications and during interviews (and should ask these questions uniformly of all applicants, regardless of citizenship):
Work authorization and immigration questions beyond these two questions run the risk of violating the anti-discrimination provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Employers should seek experienced counsel if sponsorship or other work authorization issues arise during the course of an interview or other hiring conversation.
The two above-mentioned questions are applicable in the interviewing context. Once an individual has accepted an offer of employment, his or her identity and U.S. work authorization must be verified. All U.S. employers have an obligation to confirm the work authorization and identity of all employees hired after November 6, 1986, by properly completing and retaining a Form I-9.
All U.S. employers have three primary obligations when completing a Form I-9 for any employee, not just employees who are not U.S. citizens or permanent residents:
In many cases, the Form I-9 is a straightforward process. However, employers often get tripped up when employees have expiring work authorization documents or documents that have unique auto-extension rules. Failure to have accurate, up-to-date and verified I-9s on file for every employee can get very costly in the event of an audit.
Food and agribusiness companies — especially those with remote workers — workers hired at temporary worksites, hourly employees or employees with temporary work authorization, can face steep fines for failure to follow I-9 regulations. Ensuring that the person or team that handles I-9s completes regular I-9 training and has access to outside counsel for questions is critical. Even the most established food and agribusiness companies face challenges in complying with I-9 rules. Employers must not rely on a sophisticated electronic I-9 system to solve compliance challenges; the human factor in reviewing and completing I-9s can never be completely automated. Ongoing training, self-audits and staying up-to-date with Form I-9 (and, where applicable, E-Verify) rules are essential for compliance.
Securing approval to employ foreign nationals in the United States is becoming more difficult. However, with some forethought in recruiting and upfront strategizing about appropriate immigration options, U.S. food and agribusiness companies may continue to employ a diverse and talented workforce from around the world.
FOOTNOTES
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DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
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