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Published 20 October 2022
© Crown copyright 2022
This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gov.uk.
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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/plant-health-international-trade-and-controlled-consignments-2017-2021-experimental-statistics-publication/plant-health-international-trade-and-controlled-consignments-2017-2021-experimental-statistics-publication
These statistics present an analysis of international trade in plant and plant commodities[footnote 1] (including live plants, fruit, vegetables and cereals) – covering both the financial value and the physical scale (mass) of this trade. This release also presents an analysis of the notifications of controlled commodities – i.e., where checks are carried out to ensure that traded goods meet required standards. Data cover the period 2017 to 2021 (Forestry Commission data cover 2017/18-2021/22). Geographical coverage is specified at the start of each section.
Key findings
Introduction
Experimental statistics
Trade in plants and plant products
Controlled Commodities7
Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate
Forestry Commission
Glossary
Plants are environmentally, economically, and socially important, providing a vital contribution to our food and timber supply and to the rural economy. Plants also perform an essential ecosystem service in shaping the landscape and supporting biodiversity and have been linked to improved health and wellbeing[footnote 2].
The globalisation of trade has facilitated an increase in the volume and diversity of plants and plant commodities which enter the UK. This trade generates economic value but also needs to be regulated (controlled), noting the links, along with other factors, to increased risk of pest and disease[footnote 3].
Hence plant health legislation[footnote 4] controls the import and movement of certain plants, trees, seeds and organic matter – such as soil – and certain plant products, including fruit, potatoes, vegetables, cut flowers, timber, foliage and grain.
The analysis below explores both the overall UK trade in plants and plant commodities, and also the trade in regulated plant health and forestry commodities which informs the inspections undertaken by the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) and the Forestry Commission (FC) to prevent plant pests and diseases from entering England and Wales, and, for Forestry Commission, Scotland[footnote 5].
Please note that the three datasets explored in this publication are not directly comparable. There are key differences in how each dataset is compiled and these are outlined further in the accompanying quality and methodology report.
This statistical release is intended as a contribution to increase the wider understanding about trade in these commodities and about plant health. It is designed to provide stakeholders, internal and external to government, with information on the patterns of trade over time for a specific set of commodities. The primary aim is to facilitate discussion and aid decision making around biosecurity.
The release is not intended for the purpose of drawing inferences as to the effectiveness of plant health and forestry inspectorates.
New statistical releases are classified as experimental statistics in order to secure feedback from users – for example about the long-term need for the information (the user value) and the technical fitness for purpose (the quality). If you have any comments or feedback on this release – or about other needs for formal statistics in policy areas of trade and biosecurity – please contact
sam.grant@defra.gov.uk
Sam Grant,
Plant Health Statistics,
Horizon House,
Deanery Rd,
Bristol
BS1 5TL.
Guidance on Experimental Statistics
It is not currently possible to ascertain what the impact of the coronavirus pandemic and EU exit has been on trade in plants and plants products. This is because trade in plants and plant products is often volatile, due to climate and other factors, and because both the coronavirus pandemic and EU exit are still having an influence.
The Office for National Statistics have published reports looking at the impacts of EU exit and the coronavirus on UK trade in goods which provides a high level picture of trade throughout 2020 and 2021: The impacts of EU exit and the coronavirus on UK trade in goods
For plants and plant product which require regulatory control the impact of EU exit, particularly imports from the EU to GB, will be ongoing as the UK phases in its checking regime: Imports of plants and plant products from the EU to GB
Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) compiles statistics on commodities physically leaving and entering the UK, traded with both European Union (EU) Member States and non-EU countries. Non-EU trade is collected from customs declarations. Until 31 December 2020 EU trade data was collected via Intrastat which covers VAT-registered businesses whose annual value of arrivals and/or dispatches exceeds a given exemption threshold[footnote 6]
For goods moving from 1 January 2021, Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) to EU export statistics have been compiled directly from customs export declarations made according to the requirements of the Taxation (Cross Border Trade) Act. Intrastat survey returns, however, continued to be collected for goods exported from Northern Ireland to the EU, under the terms of the Northern Ireland Protocol. Both the GB to EU customs export declaration data and Northern Ireland (NI) Intrastat export (dispatch) data were incorporated into the overall UK to EU export dataset. As a result of the changes and differences outlined above, there was a break in the timeseries for published UK to EU export statistics from January 2021.
UK imports from EU statistics were not impacted by any change in 2021 as the Intrastat survey continued to operate for all UK (GB and NI) imports (arrivals) from the EU, to mitigate the effects of staging customs controls, and to comply with the Northern Ireland Protocol.
Throughout 2021, the introduction of temporary Staged Customs Controls allowed GB importers of non-controlled EU goods the opportunity to defer submission of the full customs declaration for up to 175 days after the movement of goods. This had a reducing effect on the number of received customs declarations for EU imports in 2021, most notably in the first few months of the year. It is not possible to distinguish which customs declarations are associated with SCC and therefore remove or adjust the trade statistics[footnote 7].
Although not collected for plant health purposes the HMRC data does allow us to examine the patterns of trade for a sub-section of commodities, i.e., raw and simply processed plants and plant commodities, and to group these into categories. The categories covered in this release are:
Ten additional codes have been included in the 2020 revised and 2021 provisional data to reflect changes in plant health legislation, these codes are: 07142010, 07142090, 07143000, 07144000, 07145000, 07149020, 07149090, 09021000, 09022000 and 14049000. Commodity code 25309000 has been removed. More information is provided in the accompanying dataset and the Quality and Methodology report.
The UK leaving the EU and the subsequent transition period, along with the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, supply chain disruption and global recession, have caused higher levels of volatility in trade statistics in the past two years. Comparing 2022 with equivalent 2017 data provides comparisons of recent UK trade estimates with the most recent “stable” period.
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Table 1 shows the total value of trade in plants and plant commodities, by sector, between 2017 and 2021.
The total value of trade in plants and plant commodities has shown a broad upward trend over the time period 2017 to 2021. Forestry was the only sector where the value of both imports and exports increased.
Whilst all sectors experienced an increase in the value of imports between 2017 and 2021, forestry was the only sector to see an increase in the value of exports, which more than doubled from £170m in 2017 to £348m in 2021.
The decreases in the value of exports of plants and planting material and of food and crops were offset by the corresponding increases in the value of imports for these sectors.
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Table 2 shows the total net mass of trade in plants and plant commodities, by sector, between 2017 and 2021.
The total net mass of trade in plants and plant commodities remained fairly stable between 2017 and 2021 however the overall figure masks decreases in the total net mass of plants and planting material as well as food and crops.
As with the value of trade, forestry was the only sector to see an overall increase in net mass with import net mass increasing by 18.3% and export net mass increasing by 7.9% over the period 2017 to 2021. In 2021, the net mass of forestry exports and imports were at the highest levels of the time period.
The net mass of exports of plants and planting material more than halved over the time period, from 55 thousand tonnes in 2017 to 25 thousand tonnes in 2021. This sector was the only one to experience a decrease in the net mass of imports (-8.2%).
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Table 3 shows the value of commodities that are imported into the UK from the EU and commodities that are exported from the UK to the EU, by sector.
The total value of trade in plants and plant commodities between the UK and the EU increased by 9.7% between 2017 and 2021 with year-on-year increases over the time period.
The value of forestry imports from the EU increased from £1,480m to £2,575m (74.0%) between 2017 and 2021 whilst the value of forestry exports to the EU more than doubled from £132m in 2017 to £310m in 2021.
The value of exports of plants and planting material to the EU showed a general decrease, reaching a low of £54m in 2021, whilst imports increased slightly, reaching the highest level of the time period in 2021 (£885m).
There were decreases in both the import and export value of EU trade in food and crops over the time period, however the percentage decrease for imports (-4.8%) was much lower than for exports (-27.1%).
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Table 4 shows commodities that are imported into the UK from the EU and commodities that are exported from the UK to the EU, by sector.
Overall, the net mass of trade in plants and plant commodities between the UK and the EU decreased from 13,868 thousand tonnes in 2017 to 13,045 thousand tonnes in 2021. Whilst the overall amount of net mass for imports remained fairly stable, exports decreased by 27.7%.
At the sector level, trade with the EU in plants and plant commodities broadly followed the pattern seen for value. The exception to this was the net mass of imports of plants and planting material from the EU which decreased by 12.1% despite a small increase in value.
As with value (table 3), the net mass of trade with the EU in forestry commodities increased for both imports and exports however these increases were proportionally smaller than for value at 16.0% for import mass (74.0% for import value) and 11.8% for export mass (135.3% for export value).
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Imports accounted for between 70% and 94% of UK-EU trade in terms of both value and net mass during the period 2017 to 2021.
The proportion of EU trade value that was imports was highest for plants and planting material, increasing from 90.3% in 2017 to 94.3% in 2021. The corresponding import net mass for this sector also increased, from 91.0% in 2017 to 93.1% in 2021.
The proportion of EU trade value that was imports was lowest for food and crops at 87.0% in 2021 however this was an increase from 83.7% in 2017. The proportion of net mass that was imports for this sector increased from 70.5% in 2017 to 78.3% in 2021.
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Table 5 shows the value of commodities that are imported into the UK from countries outside of the EU and commodities that are exported from the UK to these non-EU countries, by sector.
The total value of non-EU trade increased between 2017 and 2021 (12.6%) however exports decreased slightly over the time period (-1.9%) and particularly between 2020 and 2021 (-21.9%).
Between 2017 and 2021 the value of non-EU imports of plants and planting material increased by 50.0% whilst the export value decreased by 30.3%. In contrast, the value of non-EU exports of both food and crops and forestry in 2021 changed by less than 4% compared to 2017.
Between 2020 and 2021 the largest increase in the value of non-EU imports was plants and planting material (72.4%) and the largest decrease in non-EU exports was food and crops (-26.9%) showing increased volatility in this time period.
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Table 6 shows the net mass of commodities that are imported into the UK from countries outside of the EU and commodities that are exported from the UK to these non-EU countries, by sector.
Overall, the net mass of the non-EU trade in plants and plant commodities increased from 7,674 thousand tonnes in 2017 to 8,440 thousand tonnes in 2021 (10.0%). At the sector level all sectors saw an increase in the net mass of imports over the time period and all saw a decrease in the net mass of exports between 2017 and 2021.
The net mass of non-EU exports of plants and planting material experienced the largest percentage change with a decrease of 86.0% over the time period, however there was no decrease in net mass between 2020 and 2021.
The net mass of non-EU imports of forestry commodities increased by 35.4% over the time period, with a 20.4% rise between 2020 and 2021. For exports, a decrease of 24.6% overall contrasted with an increase of 33.5% between 2020 and 2021.
Between 2020 and 2021 the largest increase in the net mass of non-EU imports was plants and planting material (56.4%) and the largest decrease in non-EU exports was food and crops (-60.9%) showing increased volatility in this time period and reflecting the pattern seen with value (table 5).
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
Imports accounted for the majority of trade between the UK and countries outside of the EU in terms of both value and net mass.
Imports accounted for between 87% and 97% of all non-EU trade value in each sector in 2017. In 2020 imports as a proportion of the trade value in a sector had increased for all sectors with plants and planting material seeing the largest increase at 6.2 percentage points and food and crops seeing the smallest at 0.3 percentage points.
For net mass the proportion of non-EU trade that was imports increased by 22.6 percentage points between 2017 and 2021 for plants and planting material with other sectors seeing much smaller increases of 5.8 percentage points for forestry and 1.2 percentage points for food and crops.
Notes:
Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC
The Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) implements and enforces plant health policy in England and in Wales (on behalf of the Welsh Government). The Forestry Commission (FC) implements and enforces plant health policy in England and Scotland, and in Wales via Natural Resources Wales (NRW).
PHSI and FC carry out inspections of controlled plant materials, including plants for planting. The controls of such materials differ according to the species – and what quarantine organisms they may carry – but may include phytosanitary certificates, plant passports and/or physical inspection. More detailed information covering the activities of the inspection services is available in the annual Multi Annual National Control Plan reports[footnote 8].
Under EU legislation plants, fruit, vegetables, and plant material from outside the EU fall into 3 categories: ‘unrestricted’, ‘controlled’, and ‘prohibited’ material. Plant passports facilitate the movement of controlled commodities within the EU area whilst inspections of relevant businesses are carried out ‘in field’, generally between 2 and 4 times per year. Commodities imported from outside of the EU area need to be declared on entry to the EU and can then move freely across the EU area. In December 2019 the EU introduced new legislation pertaining to plants and plant products. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 and its Annexes replaced the Annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC . Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 covers more plants and plant commodities than the previous legislation[footnote 9].
Now that the UK has left the EU new legislation is in place[footnote 10] and, following the end of the transition period (31 December 2020), there are new processes for importing plants and plant products, including wood and wood products, from the EU. These are detailed in the Guidance on importing and exporting plants and plant products from 1 January 2021
Under the new UK legislation plants, fruit, vegetables, cut flowers, soil and other regulated objects (for example, machinery) fall into 5 categories of phytosanitary control:
A small number of commodities have been deregulated and no longer require a phytosanitary certificate[footnote 11]
Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) has adopted a phased approach to plant health controls for plants and plant products imported from the European Union (EU). This phased approach started in January 2021 and is proposed to be completed by the end of 2023[footnote 12].
The analyses below focuses on consignments of commodities classed as controlled and originating outside the EU and arriving at points of entry in Great Britain (England and Wales for PHSI, England, Wales and Scotland for FC). These consignments are subject to inspection activities ranging from document checks to physical inspections. The level of checks required for different types of commodities varies but the highest risk commodities are subject to full checks (100 per cent). In addition, emergency measures [footnote 13] can be introduced which may restrict trade due to changes in import requirements.
Controlled commodities are a subset of the trade analysis shown above (which also includes unrestricted commodities), however data are not comparable to that provided by HMRC due to differences in measurement units, geographies and purpose. More information can be found in the accompanying quality and methodology report.
The Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) is part of the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) and implements and enforces plant health policy in England, and in Wales on behalf of the Welsh Government. PHSI carry out inspections of plants, seeds, bulbs, cut flowers, planting materials, fruits and vegetables. They also inspect agricultural machinery for export however exports are not covered in this analysis.
It is important to note that changes in the number of consignments may be influenced by changes in trade patterns as well as by legislative changes. Factors which can contribute to changes in trade patterns include climate events, changes in market demand, social unrest or change, pest outbreaks etc. Controls may be applied to any number of countries where there is a pest risk but additionally countries may apply self-prohibition if they are aware of a pest issue in their country. Where self-prohibition is applied there are no formal reporting routes and often information cannot be confirmed.
Some key bans thought to have affected imports to the UK were:
New controls being introduced may also impact trade patterns. For example: – Decision 2014/78 required all imports of Capsicum to become regulated as from 1st Oct 2014. The decision also included the application of controls on some other commodities. – EU Directive 2017/1279 required tomatoes originating from all third countries (outside the EU but including Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and the French Overseas Departments) and pomegranates originating from countries of the African continent, Cape Verde, Saint Helena, Madagascar, La Reunion, Mauritius and Israel to be imported with a phytosanitary certificate. – Decision 2019/523 added controls on fruits of Kiwi, Papaya, Strawberry, Avocado, Rubus, Grapes and used agricultural machinery – Decision 2019/1598 added controls on maize. – Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 implemented on 14 December 2019 as part of Smarter Rules for Safer Food package which increased the scope of regulated material to include all living plant material other than Fruits of Ananas comosus, Cocos nucifera, Durio zibethinus, Musa and Phoenix dactylifera. – Following the departure from the EU, the Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 implemented on 1 January 2021 amended 2019/2072 increasing the range of exempt material to include fruits of Actinidia, Fortunella, Poncirus, Diospyros, Gossypium, Mangifera, Passiflora, Psidium and fruit and leaves of Citrus and Leaves of Murraya. – There has been self-imposed bans from Thailand, Bangladesh and Vietnam. These can be very limited (for example to one exporter ) or more general.
Notes:
Table 7 shows the number of controlled consignments notified to PHSI, by commodity type. From 1 January 2021 imports of high priority controlled material from Europe have had to be notified. This, along with other changes in legislation over the past three years, means that data are not comparable across the time period.
The majority of the increase in notified consignments has followed key legislative changes; in 2020 following the implementation of new EU plant health regulations and in 2021 following the end of the transition period of the UK exiting the EU.
Since 1 January 2021 high priority plants and plant products imported from the EU have had to be notified to the PHSI. The impact of this can be seen in the increase of controlled consignments in the plants and planting material category where notifications are over 5 times higher in 2021 than in 2020.
After peaking at 79,286 controlled consignments in 2020, the number of controlled consignments of fruit decreased to 66,095 in 2021. Fruit was the only category where this decrease was seen. It is possible that this decrease was driven by the deregulation of a number of fruits however other factors such as COVID restrictions, issues in the supply chain or low yields could also be present.
Notes:
During the early years of the time period, plants and planting material accounted for between 22% and 27% of all notified commodities. This decreased to 15% in 2020 before increasing to 51% in 2021 following the introduction of GB regulations and the phasing in of controls which meant plants and planting material imported from the EU needed to be notified.
In contrast, notified consignments of fruit, which was the largest group of commodities throughout the time period decreased to 27% in 2021. Several fruits were deregulated with the introduction of GB regulations.
Notes:
Table 8 shows the number of controlled consignments notified to PHSI, by region of origin. From 1 January 2021 imports of high priority controlled material from Europe have had to be notified so the most recent data is not directly comparable to previous years.
Notes:
The Forestry Commission (FC) are responsible for inspections of timber, including sawn timber, wood shavings, wood chips, sawdust, controlled firewood[footnote 14] and prefabricated buildings made of wood being imported to England, Scotland and Wales. The Forestry Commission are also responsible for inspections of wood packaging[footnote 15] however this trade is not covered in this release.
Controlled forestry commodities are required to undergo full checks (100 per cent) thus the number of consignments is also the number of inspections.
It is important to note that changes in the number of consignments may be influenced by changes in trade patterns as well as by legislative changes. Factors which can contribute to changes in trade patterns include climate events, changes in market demand, social unrest or change, pest outbreaks etc. Controls may be applied to any number of countries where there is a pest risk but additionally countries may apply self-prohibition if they are aware of a pest issue in their country.
The war in Ukraine is having a major impact on bulk imports of sawn conifer timber from Russia. In the last few months of the 2021/22 financial year these imports have been replaced uncontrolled imports from the EU. This impact is ongoing.
An additional group of commodities are included in the data covering 2021/22. These are wood shavings, wood chips, sawdust and ‘other’ (mainly oak barrel imports) and the measurement unit is kilograms rather than cubic metres. These data have not been included in the charts below but are included in the tables.
Please note that chart 5b only contains volumes of commodities recorded in cubic metres. In 2021/22, import data also contained entries of new commodities which are recorded in kilograms. These new commodities’ masses are included in the tables below but not in charts as only one data point is available.
Notes:
Notes:
Table 9 shows the number of controlled consignments of softwood and the associated volume of material notified to FC, by region of origin. From 1 January 2021 imports of high priority controlled material from Europe have had to be notified so the most recent data is not directly comparable to previous years.
Please note that chart 6b only contains volumes of commodities recorded in cubic metres. In 2021/22 import data also contained entries of new commodities which are recorded in kilograms. These new commodities’ masses are included in the tables below but not in charts as only one data point is available
Notes:
Notes:
Table 10 shows the number of controlled consignments of hardwood and the volume of material, notified to FC, by region of origin. From 1 January 2021 imports of high priority controlled material from Europe have had to be notified so the most recent data is not directly comparable to previous years.
Notes:
Ash from all third countries became controlled 2021, prior to this, ash originating in Canada, China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Taiwan, Europe and the USA was controlled. Oak originating in Canada, China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Taiwan, Turkey, Taiwan, USA and Vietnam is controlled.
A type of plant, plant product, or other article being moved for trade or other purpose [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001]
A quantity of plants, plant products or other articles being moved from one country to another and covered, when required, by a single phytosanitary certificate (a consignment may be composed of one or more commodities or lots) [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001]. For PHSI data a consignment is a commodity type declared on a phytosanitary certificate. Some phytosanitary certificates will cover more than one commodity type and so the number of consignments declared will be more than the number of phytosanitary certificates.
Plants and plant commodities which are required to undergo checks for pest and disease on crossing a customs border. For countries within the European Union (EU) this means upon entry to the EU while for countries.
Country where the plants were grown [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999]
An official document that lists and gives details of goods that are being imported or exported. In legal terms, a customs declaration is the act whereby a person indicates the wish to place goods under a given customs procedure. This legal procedure is described in the Union Customs Code (UCC) (Articles 5 (12) and 158 to 187).
The country of destination as declared at the time of export. However, where goods can be traded while in transit (e.g., grain and crude oil), this may not necessarily be the final destination of the goods.
Commodities traded for the primary purpose of human consumption.
Timber and wood commodities but not live trees.
The sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.
Timber from broadleaved trees.
The country from which the goods were originally dispatched to the UK without any commercial transaction in any intermediate country (either with or without breaking bulk in the course of transport). This is not necessarily the country of origin, manufacture or the last country from which the goods were shipped to the UK.
Official visual examination of plants, plant products or other regulated articles to determine if pests are present or to determine compliance with phytosanitary regulations [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; formerly “inspect”].
Countries outside of the European Union but geographically part of Europe.
Plants and parts of plants (including seeds and fruits) used primarily in perfumery or pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes.
An official paper document or its official electronic equivalent, consistent with the model certificates of the IPPC, attesting that a consignment meets phytosanitary import requirements [FAO, 1990; revised CPM, 2012]
Goods including plants, trees, bulbs, seeds, fruit, vegetables and timber. Commodities are included if they are (1) raw plant products or (2) simply processed, i.e., processed in a manner that would not, in theory, remove the pest and disease risk.
Live or dormant plants, seeds, bulbs or tubers of plants and trees and cut flowers.
Simple processing can include peeling, grinding, chopping and debarking but excludes cooking, fermenting and preservation in liquid. For further information please see International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures; ISPM No. 32; Categorisation of commodities according to their pest risk (2009).
Timber from coniferous trees.
A plant or part of a plant used as food, such as a cabbage, potato, turnip, or bean.
Includes raw products and those that can be defined as ‘simply processed’. Please see the glossary at the end of this document and the associated quality and methodology report for more information. ↩
NHS Forest – Evidence of Benefits. ↩
Plant biosecurity strategy for Great Britain. ↩
Plant health legislation for forestry and [Plant health controls[(https://www.gov.uk/guidance/plant-health-controls). ↩
Plant Health is devolved thus Scotland carries out its own plant health inspections. ↩
Information on methodology and quality for HMRC overseas trade statistics can be accessed at: HMRC trade statistics – policies and methodologies ↩
Impact of trade in goods data collection changes on UK trade statistics: 2021 to 2022. Office for National Statistics ↩
Food Standards Agency – Multi-Annual National Control Plan ↩
EU Plant Health rules ↩
The Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 ↩
EU exit guidance, Plant Health Portal, Defra ↩
Import Requirements Review Q&A, Defra ↩
EU emergency control measures by species ↩
Guidance on importing firewood ↩
Guidance on importing or exporting wood packaging material ↩
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