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21 April 1926 to 8 September 2022
Find out when you can use rebated diesel or biodiesel in vehicles and other machinery from 1 April 2022.
It tells you when you can use rebated diesel or biodiesel in vehicles and other machinery.
Diesel (also known as gas oil or DERV) is normally liable to the full rate of excise duty.
There are circumstances where a particular vehicle or machine may be able to use fuel on which a reduced (rebated) rate of excise duty has been charged, because of the type of vehicle or machine, and the purpose it’s being used for.
Any diesel on which a rebate of excise duty has been allowed must be marked to show that a rebated rate of duty has been charged and paid.
A mix of chemicals is used to mark the diesel, and this includes a visible red dye. For this reason, diesel that has been subject to a rebated rate of excise duty is sometimes known as:
The rebated rate of excise duty is shown in the rates and allowances list as ‘Marked gas oil’.
Biodiesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) are diesel quality fuels derived from biomass. They’re treated the same as diesel under the Hydrocarbon Oil Duties Act 1979, and are liable to the same excise duty rates.
They can also be supplied at a reduced duty rate for the same uses as diesel, provided all the requirements that apply to diesel are applied. They must be marked and may only be supplied by a registered dealer in controlled oils (RDCO).
Kerosene is a heavy oil that may also benefit from a rebated rate. Rebated kerosene must also be marked and can be used only for heating.
Anyone who:
UK law:
Nothing in this notice modifies the law.
Certain types of vehicle and machinery, when being used for a particular purpose, may use rebated (red) diesel. These are known as ‘excepted machines’.
Any vehicle or machine that is not an excepted machine must use fuel on which the full amount of duty has been paid regardless of what it is being used for.
The types of special vehicles that may use rebated diesel are:
But only when they’re being used for qualifying purposes, for example:
Not all the qualifying purposes apply to all the vehicle types.
You should check that your vehicle, when being used for a particular purpose, is entitled to use rebated diesel.
Specific details on the acceptable uses of each type of vehicle are given in section 3.
All types of boats and marine transport may use rebated diesel except for private pleasure craft in Northern Ireland.
Private pleasure craft in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) can use rebated (red) diesel but the user must make a declaration of the amount used for propulsion and pay full excise duty on that proportion.
For further details read Fuel used in private pleasure craft and for private pleasure flying (Excise Notice 554).
Rebated diesel may be used for non-commercial premises for:
Other machinery, engines, or appliances may use rebated (red) diesel when being used:
From 1 April 2022, the term ‘excepted vehicles’ in HODA is replaced by a definition of ‘excepted machines’ that describes vehicles and machinery that may use rebated fuel.
There are 2 elements to be considered when deciding if a vehicle is an excepted machine that can use rebated fuel. They are:
While many of the vehicles described in these paragraphs will be classed as ‘special’ or ‘agricultural’ vehicles by the DVLA, this does not confirm eligibility to use rebated fuel.
To use rebated fuel, a vehicle must meet the specifications in, and be used only as allowed by the excepted machine categories listed in schedule 1A to HODA.
To be an ‘agricultural vehicle’ and use rebated diesel, the vehicle must meet one of the following four definitions, and be used for a purpose defined in paragraph 3.3.
It must be one of the following:
Vehicles primarily designed for carrying goods, produce, and implements are trucks. They’re not agricultural vehicles even if the goods, produce, or implements being carried are for, or a result of, an agricultural activity.
An agricultural vehicle defined at paragraph 3.2, may use rebated diesel only when being used for:
Read section 12 for what we mean by activities falling within:
A special vehicle is a vehicle of any weight that is designed and constructed and used as mentioned in schedule 1 part IV to the Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994.
This covers such vehicles as:
Where a special vehicle is used for a purpose set out in paragraph 3.5, it may use rebated fuel for that purpose and to travel to and from the place where it’s used.
Other than weight, it must meet the specifications of, and be used in accordance with the restrictions described in the relevant part of the Vehicle Excise and Registration Act 1994.
For example, a digging machine, mobile crane or mobile pumping vehicle must not carry any load except that necessary for its propulsion or operating the vehicle’s equipment.
A special vehicle defined in paragraph 3.4, may use rebated diesel only where it will be used:
A vehicle is ‘unlicensed’ if:
An unlicensed vehicle can use rebated diesel, but only when being used:
Where a vehicle is entitled to use rebated diesel because it’s being used on a golf course, driving range or community amateur sports club, it may also use rebated fuel when crossing a road that runs between 2 parts of the course or community amateur sports club land, by the shortest practicable route.
This does not apply to unlicensed or SORN vehicles if the road is a public road.
Any vehicle designed to be operated on a railway within the meaning of section 67(1) of the Transport and Works Act 1992.
This does not include:
An agricultural vehicle or special vehicle that uses gas as fuel is an excepted machine for any purpose, and does not have to use gas taxed at the road fuel rate.
Any other machine or appliance (that is not a vehicle or a vessel) may use rebated fuel only when it’s being used:
A machine or appliance should only contain rebated fuel if it’s being used, or was last used, for one of these purposes.
A machine or appliance found with rebated diesel in it, that it should not contain, is liable to seizure and financial sanction.
All types of boats and marine transport may use rebated diesel except for private pleasure craft in Northern Ireland.
For further details read Fuel used in private pleasure craft and for private pleasure flying (Excise Notice 554).
The definition of a private pleasure craft is given in section 11 of Fuel used in private pleasure craft and for private pleasure flying (Excise Notice 554).
A private pleasure craft is not entitled to a rebate on fuel used for propulsion.
To address this situation private pleasure craft in:
A mowing machine is a vehicle or machine designed only for mowing grass.
You may use red diesel in a mowing machine when it’s being used:
Clarification on the terminology we have used in describing excepted vehicles and machines, and allowed uses in sections 3 to 6.
Built in refers to equipment or features that are designed to be incorporated as an integral part of a vehicle, rather than being separate.
The equipment would be such that it performs the primary function of the vehicle, such as:
We would expect these features not to be easily or quickly detachable.
Separate equipment, supporting apparatus and optional accessories that were not designed to be an integral part of the vehicle, but are simply attached to it for security or ease of transport, are not considered to be built in.
The types of vehicles and machines detailed in sections 3 to 6 are only allowed to use rebated fuel when being used for certain purposes (such as agriculture).
This includes the times when the vehicle is not actually in use, for example, a vehicle which has been used for an agricultural purpose today may have rebated fuel in its tank after use.
A vehicle or machine that is not being used should not have rebated diesel in its tank unless it:
If you hire out vehicles, machines or appliances that are used for both allowed and non-allowed purposes, you will need to either:
It will be for you to manage how you control the type of fuel your customers use. If you allow customers using your vehicles, machines or appliances for qualifying purposes to use rebated fuel, you will need to make sure that the machinery is not using rebated fuel if it’s then used for a non-entitled use, to avoid it being liable to seizure.
This means goods, material or equipment that the vehicle must carry because it could not reasonably be operated without it.
This may include fuel, lubricants, and tools necessary to make adjustments or to carry out any maintenance while the vehicle is being used.
It also includes any equipment required to comply with health and safety regulations, such as:
Any other goods, materials or equipment not directly required for the propulsion of the vehicle or operation of the vehicle’s equipment may not be carried.
HMRC applies the following definitions of agriculture, horticulture, aquatic farming and forestry:
HMRC adheres to a code of practice in defining purposes relating to agriculture (including aquatic farming), horticulture and forestry.
Section 12 outlines ‘The Memorandum of Agreement’, agreed by:
The definition of a community amateur sports club is at section 658 of the Corporation Taxes Act 2010.
To be a community amateur sports club it must:
The term ‘commercial purposes’ means trading in goods or services with the intention of making a profit.
We do not consider commercial purposes to include delivery of a service, where it’s intended that any profit made will only ever be used to cover the costs of delivering that service.
Examples of premises which we anticipate will not be used for commercial purposes according to this definition, and for which electricity generation and heating using rebated fuel will therefore be permitted include:
The type of activity undertaken in these premises can include activities that directly relate to the provision of the service you provide, and activities that indirectly relate to the carrying out of your service.
For example, a café selling food and drink in a library is not a necessary part of providing the library service, but enhances the overall experience of the facility for the public and encourages them to make use of it, whilst contributing to its running costs.
You can use rebated fuel for electricity generation for, and to heat, premises even if commercial contractors work there, provided they contribute to the running of your service.
For example, provision of services such as school catering and cleaning by commercial contractors does not mean that the premises are used for ‘commercial purposes’.
If your premises have distinct parts used for commercial and non-commercial purposes, you can use rebated fuel for heating and electricity generation for the part of the premises not used for commercial purposes, providing you use a separate heating system or generator.
We do not permit any ‘dual tank’ fuel system that allows a vehicle or other machine to swap between:
Situations can arise in which an individual or business, whose use of a vehicle or machine is essential, is unable to obtain or use full duty-paid (white) diesel but can get or use rebated (red) diesel.
In these circumstances, we may issue you with a ‘rebated fuel licence’ which will allow you to pay the duty on the red diesel and then use it. You will need to make an application to us for such a licence.
The primary use of rebated fuel licences is to enable the continued operation of vehicles or machines used for essential and critical purposes.
Using rebated fuel would be allowed only in response to exceptional circumstances, such as fuel supply issues.
This might be necessary if:
We will only grant a licence if we are satisfied that:
It’s unlikely that we’ll approve your application if:
When deciding if use of a vehicle or machine is essential and critical we will consider factors such as whether, without that use, there would be a significant risk to:
You must get approval before you use rebated fuel in your vehicle or machine due to exceptional circumstances.
To apply for a licence you must send your request by email: LCmailbox.oilsapprovalteam@hmrc.gov.ukwrite.
You’ll need to include details of:
We’ll check to satisfy ourselves that:
The use of the vehicle or machine is essential and critical.
The circumstances are exceptional.
There is no alternative solution.
If we decide not to issue a rebated fuel licence, we’ll advise you of our decision in writing.
If we decide you may use rebated fuel, we’ll send you a licence which you must present when you buy rebated (red) diesel.
We recommend you carry a copy of the licence with all vehicles or machines covered by it.
The licence will also tell you:
You must use:
The law requires you to keep a daily record of all the rebated oil you use in your vehicle or machine under the terms of the licence.
You must keep them at the same place as the vehicle or machine, or at any other premises agreed with our officer, for at least 12 months from the date of the last entry in them.
On the day the fuel is used you must record the identifying marks of the vehicle or machine using rebated fuel, such as the registration number of a vehicle or serial number of a machine, showing:
At the end of the accounting period you must declare the amount of rebated fuel used on form HO75, which should be submitted within 10 days.
We will repay any duty paid for fuel that was subsequently not used.
A ‘rebated fuel licence’ remains in force until we cancel it.
You must tell us of any changes to the information contained in your application for the licence, including when the exceptional circumstance that required the licence no longer applies.
We may periodically visit you or write to you to confirm that the details on the application remain correct and that the reason for needing to use rebated fuel still applies.
We will also cancel your licence if we are no longer satisfied that you should be approved to use rebated fuel, for instance, if you:
We will write to tell you the date your licence ceases, explain why, and give you an opportunity to respond. We will also tell you how to provide a final return.
The law gives HMRC officers the power to establish that the correct fuel is being used and stored by checking, sampling and testing the fuel in:
For further information on what HMRC officers are allowed to do by law read paragraph 9.4.
As the owner or operator of a vehicle or machine, you must make your fuel available for testing if one of our officers asks you to.
If our officers are unable to take a sample, for instance, because you cannot remove an anti-theft device, or you refuse to allow it, they may seize and remove the vehicle, machine, appliance or vessel until a sample can be obtained. We may also impose a penalty for your failure to comply with this legal requirement.
We may prosecute you if you obstruct, hinder or assault one of our officers.
Your fuel can be tested in your absence. You will be told about the test and the result in writing.
HMRC will take action against those responsible for the presence of marked oils containing any UK or EU chemical marker. These include:
Our officers are allowed by law to:
You must not mix these fuels in any tank or fuel system. We may seize the fuel and vehicle or machine if you do.
Some vintage tractors (in production before 1960) and cars (in production before 1956) need to run on a mixture of kerosene and petrol.
Kerosene is a heating fuel and the excise duty on it is fully rebated (reducing the excise duty to nil). For this reason, it is illegal to use kerosene in any vehicle or to mix it with road fuels unless you have a permit from us allowing you to do so.
To apply for a permit email: oils.policymail@hmrc.gov.uk with details of:
If we decide to allow you to add kerosene to your vehicle’s fuel, we’ll send you a permit stating the circumstances in which you may use kerosene.
Where we find rebated fuel being used in a vehicle, vessel or machine, or for a purpose, that is not allowed we will seize the vehicle, vessel or machine.
We may also issue an assessment of fuel duty payable, and a wrongdoing penalty based on the extent of your illegal fuel use.
We may offer to restore your vehicle, vessel or machine to you for a fee and subject to any conditions we consider appropriate.
In the more serious cases involving assault, repeated offending or dishonesty, criminal action may be taken.
The offender can be fined an unlimited amount or imprisoned for up to 7 years, or both.
The following table lists the action we may take in respect of different offences involving fuel.
The Finance Act 1994 contains the appeal and review procedures for challenging the following excise decisions:
The procedures are different depending on what decision or decisions you’re challenging. We’ll give you a decision letter, and tell you what your rights are, if you want to challenge our decision.
Information about challenging HMRC restoration decisions and linked decisions can be found in Notice 12A: what you can do if things are seized.
Further information is available on HMRC’s review and appeal procedures.
The arrangements for challenging the seizure of things liable for forfeiture (rather than HMRC’s decision about whether or not to return them to you) are different from the arrangements on HMRC’s review and appeal procedures.
If you disagree with our decision to seize your vehicle, machine, vessel or appliance, you can appeal in writing to the seizing officer within one month of the seizure date. We must receive your appeal by this deadline.
We must then bring civil (‘condemnation’) proceedings in the courts to determine the matter, and you can challenge the seizure and forfeiture there.
More information on how to challenge the seizure of goods by HMRC can be found in Notice 12A: what you can do if things are seized.
Find out how to report the misuse of rebated fuel.
Memorandum of Agreement in respect of purposes relating to agriculture (including aquatic farming), horticulture and forestry.
In order to establish clearly understood and easily applied guidelines on the use of machines and vehicles in agriculture (including aquatic farming), horticulture or forestry, the following government departments and agencies, and industry associations, have reached a common position on how legislation shall be interpreted and applied:
The purpose of this Memorandum of Agreement is to provide guidance to those engaged in agriculture, horticulture or forestry, and to agencies enforcing compliance with the legislation.
Where disputes arise, these will continue to be considered on an individual basis with regard to the relevant legislation and any definitive interpretation of the law would remain to be given by the courts.
This Memorandum of Agreement is restricted to the use of agricultural and special vehicles and machines by:
The definitions of vehicles and machines covered by this agreement for hydrocarbon oils duty purposes can be found in schedule 1A to the Hydrocarbon Oil Duties Act 1979 (HODA), as amended.
Definitions of agricultural vehicles covered by this agreement for vehicle excise duty purposes can be found in schedule 2 to the Vehicle Excise Registration Act 1994 (VERA), as amended.
When vehicles covered by this agreement are not used on public roads other than for purposes relating to agriculture, horticulture or forestry they are exempt from Vehicle Excise Duty. Other classes of vehicles that are exempt from Vehicle Excise Duty are not covered by this agreement.
Vehicles, machines and appliances covered by this agreement that are being used for purposes relating to agriculture, horticulture or forestry may use rebated gas oil (red diesel).
In our view, agriculture is the growing and harvesting of crops, for food, beverages, fodder, fuel, or industrial purposes; or the rearing of animals of any kind for the production of food, wool, leather or other substances. Using a vehicle for ‘purposes relating to agriculture’ includes using it to:
In our view, horticulture is the cultivation and management of gardens (including vegetable plots, allotments and market gardens, but also flowerbeds, trees, shrubberies and ornamental lawns in public parks). By cultivation and management, we mean growing and tending flowers, lawns, shrubs and trees, and harvesting flowers, fruits and vegetables for food (or animal fodder) and for ornament, as well as treating and enriching the soil and controlling weeds and pests. But, we do not regard as horticulture the landscaping and maintenance of grassy recreational areas, such as playing fields and golf courses, or the grassed areas of parks that are made available for walks, picnics and general recreation. Using a vehicle for purposes relating to horticulture includes using it to:
In our view, forestry is the upkeep and management of forests including the growing and harvesting of timber and other forestry products. Using a vehicle for purposes relating to forestry includes using it to:
The breeding or rearing of creatures and the growing and harvesting of crops or plants are accepted activities whether they take place on land or in water. Therefore, activities accepted as being purposes relating to agriculture and horticulture include equivalent water-based activities involved in pisciculture and aquaculture. This includes the breeding and rearing of fish and other aquatic creatures and the growing of aquatic plants in artificial enclosures such as tanks, ponds, or reservoirs, for food.
Activities we accept as falling within the definition of agriculture, horticulture or forestry include:
Activities not accepted as falling within the definition of agriculture, horticulture or forestry include:
Subject to restrictions in the definition of the particular type of vehicle in HODA and VERA, vehicles exempt from vehicle excise duty or entitled to use red diesel when used for purposes relating to agriculture, horticulture or forestry may engage in the following activities:
This includes:
Movement of vehicles and machines by dealers and others not engaged in agricultural, horticultural or forestry operations in circumstances other than those listed in the previous paragraph, is not covered by this agreement.
This includes:
The transportation of produce must be incidental to an agricultural, horticultural or forestry operation. The responsibility is on the person transporting the load to demonstrate that this is the case.
Transportation of produce which requires an operator’s licence may not be accepted as being incidental.
Transportation of produce or livestock by a contractor who was not involved in the agricultural, horticultural or forestry operation, employed by a buyer or any other person solely for that purpose, is not included within this agreement.
Collection of inputs and equipment to be used as part of an agricultural, horticultural or forestry operation, and transport within or between different areas of land occupied by the same person of inputs and equipment to be used as part of an agricultural, horticultural or forestry operation.
This includes:
This does not include:
This includes:
If you are contracted or otherwise engaged to carry out agricultural work at a farm or other land used for agriculture, horticulture or forestry, you are using your tractor for purposes relating to agriculture, horticulture and forestry when:
If you were engaged in an agricultural operation such as the growing or harvesting of crops, this purpose and subsequently transporting the produce to where it will be sold or put to its intended use are purposes relating to agriculture.
But, if your involvement is limited only to transporting the crops, we consider the use of the vehicle to be for haulage, not for purposes relating to agriculture.
This would apply to someone contracted, for example, solely to transport crops from an agricultural producer to an anaerobic digestion plant. Such journeys are not considered a purpose relating to agriculture.
You may deliver waste material resulting from an agricultural activity on your farm to where it will be disposed of, sold or otherwise processed.
You may also collect waste material for agricultural use on your own farm, or the farm on which you work, or are contracted to carry out agricultural work, for example, spreading fertiliser on fields.
You are not engaged in purposes relating to agriculture if you are only transporting the waste material and you are not engaged in either the agricultural activity that produced it or in which it will be used.
Clearing felled timber is part of forestry harvesting. But you should note that this must be in a forest, or a commercial forestry enterprise. Cutting down trees anywhere else is not forestry work, even if you sell the timber.
Land restoration and ecological and conservation projects are accepted as purposes relating to agriculture, horticulture and forestry providing the work is being done to mitigate the impacts of agricultural land use, such as overgrazing, horticulture and forestry on ecosystems and habitats. This includes maintenance of areas of agricultural land under environmental management schemes.
Ditch clearing and drainage, including work carried out by, or on behalf of a risk management authority (as specified in section 6 of the Flood and Water Management Act 2010), is accepted as a purpose relating to agriculture, horticulture or forestry only if the work you do is intended to benefit land used for agricultural purposes (including horticulture and forestry). This means the purpose of the work must, at least in part, be to avoid agricultural land becoming unfit to grow crops or rear livestock on. Any drainage work or flood and coastal erosion management activities that have no agricultural benefit to the land are not purposes relating to agriculture, even if the work takes place on agricultural land.
Laying and maintaining utilities such as telephone or electricity cables that cut across agricultural land is a purpose relating to agriculture only if the utilities are installed specifically for the agricultural benefit of the land. Otherwise, the work and filling holes or trenches to repair the land afterwards is part of the work on the utilities is not an allowed activity. However, where it is necessary to bring in a specialist contractor to apply agricultural practices and technologies to ensure the land is properly restored for growing crops or rearing livestock, the contractor’s work is a purpose relating to agriculture.
If your business involves the cultivation and maintenance of a garden or gardens, this within the definition of horticulture.
If you work somewhere that is not a garden, such as playing fields, a livery yard, stables, at the side of the road, on someone’s private land, then this is not horticulture and, the vehicle or machine you use is not an ‘excepted’ machine’.
(See the ‘meaning of horticulture’ in the ‘Memorandum of Agreement’.)
An agricultural show is an outdoor public event demonstrating the skills and exhibiting the equipment, animals and so on, associated with agriculture and animal husbandry.
They are usually held on dedicated showgrounds and hosted in collaboration with several partners to:
By attending agricultural shows, farmers are likely to receive beneficial farming advice from exchanging ideas.
Besides learning about new innovations, these events provide farmers with the opportunity to meet and ask researchers how different farming technologies can be used to improve productivity, and also how a particular innovation can be applied on their farm.
As these shows are held to provide information and education that benefits agricultural purposes, we accept that running or participating in agricultural shows, or taking part in charitable activities that promote the farming industry, are purposes relating to agriculture.
Similarly, running and participating in events which provide information and education that benefits horticulture or forestry are considered as purposes relating to horticulture or forestry.
Events hosted by a single company to convince farmers that its specific products are the best, or events aimed only at selling agricultural machinery, materials, livestock or produce, such as ‘farmers’ markets’, are not agricultural shows.
However, farmers may use rebated fuel in a qualifying vehicle to transport their produce or livestock to where it will be sold.
Providing training or tuition in the safe and competent operation of a vehicle or machine that you use for agricultural, horticultural or forestry work is accepted as a purpose relating to agriculture, horticulture or forestry. This does not include where vehicles or machines are used only for training purposes, such as at tractor training centres or driving experience days.
Maintenance of grassed areas such as sports fields and recreational areas, is not regarded as horticulture.
Cutting down trees or vegetation on wasteland is not agriculture, horticulture, or forestry work.
Keeping animals for sport or recreation is not agriculture. This includes fish farmed or kept only for recreational purposes.
Building or maintaining flood defences is not agriculture.
If you are not directly involved in an agricultural activity, for example if you’re:
you are not using the vehicle or machinery for purposes relating to agriculture, horticulture and forestry.
Although dealers are not entitled users and must use white diesel for their own uses, if you’re dealing in second-hand equipment of a type used for accepted activities, we will allow traces of marker (relating to use by the previous owner or user) provided you can evidence that you have only fuelled the vehicle or machine with the correct fuel.
If you’re a dealer and you loan a vehicle or machine for the purposes of a demonstration or trial that includes using the machine for accepted purposes, for example to a farmer for agricultural use, the user may use rebated fuel for those purposes. In those circumstances, the vehicle or machine will be treated as used equipment and the previous paragraph will apply to it.
If you’re a garage operator, you can service, maintain, repair, or inspect vehicles and machines that are fuelled with red diesel if the vehicle or machine is otherwise used for accepted purposes. You can also collect and return a vehicle that you work on.
Read the HMRC Charter to find out what you can expect from us and what we expect from you.
If you have any feedback about this notice please write to:
HM Revenue and Customs
Excise Oils Policy
3rd Floor Ralli Quays West
3 Stanley Street
Salford
M60 9LA
Please note this address is not for general enquiries.
You’ll need to include the full title of this notice. Do not include any personal or financial information like your VAT number.
If you need general help with this notice or have another question contact the HMRC excise enquiries helpline.
If you’re unhappy with HMRC’s service, contact the person or office you’ve been dealing with and they’ll try to put things right.
If you’re still unhappy, find out how to complain to HMRC.
Find out how HMRC uses the information we hold about you.
The information and link on how to check which fuels you can use in an ‘excepted vehicle’ that apply before 1 April 2022 has been removed. You must follow the new rules from 1 April 2022.
First published.
Don’t include personal or financial information like your National Insurance number or credit card details.
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