Oil analysis is a routine activity for analyzing oil health, oil contamination and machine wear. The purpose of an oil analysis program is to verify that a lubricated machine is operating according to expectations. When an abnormal condition or parameter is identified through oil analysis, immediate actions can be taken to correct the root cause or to mitigate a developing failure.
An obvious reason to perform oil analysis is to understand the condition of the oil, but it is also intended to help bring to light the condition of the machine from which the oil sample was taken. There are three main categories of oil analysis: fluid properties, contamination and wear debris.
This type of oil analysis focuses on identifying the oil’s current physical and chemical state as well as on defining its remaining useful life (RUL). It answers questions such as:
By detecting the presence of destructive contaminants and narrowing down their probable sources (internal or external), oil analysis can help answer questions such as:
This form of oil analysis is about determining the presence and identification of particles produced as a result of mechanical wear, corrosion or other machine surface degradation. It answers questions relating to wear, including:
You need to know if any actions should be taken to keep the machine healthy and to extend the life of the oil. Oil analysis for machines can be compared to blood analysis for the human body. When a doctor pulls a blood sample, he puts it through a lineup of analysis machines, studies the results and reports his conclusions based on his education, research and detailed questions asked to the patient.
Likewise, with oil analysis, careful oil samples are taken, and elaborate machines yield the test results. Laboratory personnel interpret the data to the best of their ability, but without crucial details about the machine, a diagnosis or prognosis can be inaccurate. Some of these important details include:
The machine’s environmental conditions (extreme temperatures, high humidity, high vibration, etc.)
The originating component (steam turbine, pump, etc.), make, model and oil type currently in use
The permanent component ID and exact sample port location
Proper sampling procedures to confirm a consistently representative sample
Occurrences of oil changes or makeup oil added, as well as the quantity of makeup oil since the last oil change
Whether filter carts have been in use between oil samples
Total operating time on the sampled component since it was purchased or overhauled
Total runtime on the oil since the last change
Any other unusual or noteworthy activity involving the machine that could influence changes to the lubricant
Interpreting an oil analysis report can be overwhelming to the untrained eye. Oil analysis isn’t cheap, and neither is the equipment on which it reveals information. Every year, industrial plants pay millions of dollars for commercial laboratories to perform analysis on used and new oil samples. Unfortunately, a majority of the plant personnel who receive these lab reports do not understand the basics of how to interpret them.
Read and check the data on the oil type and machine type for accuracy.
Verify that reference data is shown for new oil conditions and that trend data is at an understood frequency (preferably consistent).
Check the measured viscosity.
Verify elemental wear data and compare to reference and trended data. Use a wear debris atlas to match elements to their possible source.
Check the elemental additive data and compare to reference and trended data. Use a wear debris atlas to match elements to their possible source.
Verify elemental contamination data along with particle counts and compare with reference and trended data. Use a wear debris atlas to match elements to their possible source.
Check moisture/water levels and compare to reference and trended data.
Verify the acid number and base number and compare to reference and trended data.
Check other analyzed data such as FTIR oxidation levels, flash point, demulsibility, analytical ferrography, etc.
Compare any groups of data that are trending toward unacceptable levels and make justifications based on these trends.
Compare written results and recommendations with known information on the oil and machine, such as recent changes in environmental or operational conditions or recent oil changes/filtration.
Review alarm limits and make adjustments based on the new information.
Typically, an oil analysis report comes with a written summary section that attempts to put the results and recommendations in layman’s terms. But, since the laboratory has never seen the machine or know its full history, these recommended actions are generic and not tailored to your individual circumstances. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the plant personnel who receive the lab report to take the proper action based on all known facts about the machine, the environment and recent lubrication tasks performed.
For a standard piece of equipment undergoing the normal recommended oil analysis, the test slate would consist of “routine” tests. If more testing is needed to answer advanced questions, these would be considered “exception” tests.
Routine tests vary based on the originating component and environmental conditions but should almost always include tests for viscosity, elemental (spectrometric) analysis, moisture levels, particle counts, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and acid number. Other tests that are based on the originating equipment include analytical ferrography, ferrous density, demulsibility and base number testing.
The table on the left shows how tests are used in each of the three main oil analysis categories.
Several methods are used to measure viscosity, which is reported in terms of kinematic or absolute viscosity. While most industrial lubricants classify viscosity in terms of ISO standardized viscosity grades (ISO 3448), this does not imply that all lubricants with an ISO VG 320, for example, are exactly 320 centistokes (cSt). According to the ISO standard, each lubricant is considered to be a particular viscosity grade as long as it falls within 10 percent of the viscosity midpoint (typically that of the ISO VG number).
Viscosity is a lubricant’s most important characteristic. Monitoring the oil’s viscosity is critical because any changes can lead to a host of other problems, such as oxidation, glycol ingression or thermal stressors.
Too high or too low viscosity readings may be due to the presence of an incorrect lubricant, mechanical shearing of the oil and/or the viscosity index improver, oil oxidation, antifreeze contamination, or an influence from fuel, refrigerant or solvent contamination.
Limits for changes in the viscosity depend on the type of lubricant being analyzed but most often have a marginal limit of approximately 10 percent and a critical limit of approximately 20 percent higher or lower than the intended viscosity.
Acid number and base number tests are similar but are used to interpret different lubricant and contaminant-related questions. In an oil analysis test, the acid number is the concentration of acid in the oil, while the base number is the reserve of alkalinity in the oil. Results are expressed in terms of the volume of potassium hydroxide in milligrams required to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. Acid number testing is performed on non-crankcase oils, while base number testing is for over-based crankcase oils.
An acid number that is too high or too low may be the result of oil oxidation, the presence of an incorrect lubricant or additive depletion. A base number that is too low can indicate high engine blow-by conditions (fuel, soot, etc.), the presence of an incorrect lubricant, internal leakage contamination (glycol) or oil oxidation from extended oil drain intervals and/or extreme heat.
In turbine applications, removing the dissolved molecules that accumulate and cause mechanical problems in hydraulic systems and lube oil applications is paramount to maintaining an application’s optimum operation and restoring lubricants outside OEM specifications.
Patented ICB™ Ion-exchange Filters target fluid chemistry, removing varnish molecules and restoring lubricant solvency. This engineered workhorse, like anything else, exhausts with time. To maintain an application’s optimum operation and restore lubricants outside of OEM specifications, time-based change intervals for ICB filters are essential.
FTIR is a quick and sophisticated method for determining several oil parameters including contamination from fuel, water, glycol and soot; oil degradation products like oxides, nitrates and sulfates; as well as the presence of additives such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) and phenols.
The FTIR instrument recognizes each of these characteristics by monitoring the shift in infrared absorbance at specific or a range of wavenumbers. Many of the observed parameters may not be conclusive, so often these results are coupled with other tests and used more as supporting evidence. Parameters identified by shifts in specific wavenumbers are shown in the table below.
Elemental analysis works on the principles of atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), which is sometimes called wear metal analysis. This technology detects the concentration of wear metals, contaminants or additive elements within the oil. The two most common types of atomic emission spectroscopy are rotating disc electrode (RDE) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP).
Both of these methods have limitations in analyzing particle sizes, with RDE limited to particles less than 8 to 10 microns and ICP limited to particles less than 3 microns. Still, they are useful for providing trend data. Possible sources of many common elements are shown in the table below.
The best way to monitor this type of data is to first determine what is expected to be in the oil. An effective oil analysis report will provide reference data for the new oil so any amounts of additive elements can be easily distinguished from those of contaminants. Also, because many types of elements should be expected at some level (even contaminants in certain environments), it is better to analyze trends rather than focus on any specific measurement of elemental analysis data.
Particle counting measures the size and quantity of particles in the oil. Many techniques can be used to assess this data, which is reported based on ISO 4406:99. This standard designates three numbers separated by a forward slash providing a range number that correlates to the particle counts of particles greater than 4, 6 and 14 microns. Here's an illustration of how different particle counts are assigned specific ISO codes.
Moisture content within an oil sample is often measured with the Karl Fischer titration test. This test reports results in parts per million (ppm), although data is often shown in percentages. It can find water in all three forms: dissolved, emulsified and free. The crackle test and hot-plate test are non-instrument moisture tests for screening before the Karl Fischer method is used. Possible reasons for a moisture reading being too high or too low would include water ingression from open hatches or breathers, internal condensation during temperature swings or seal leaks.
The first thing to check on an oil analysis report is the information about the customer, originating piece of equipment and lubricant (see Section A of the sample report below). Including these details is the customer’s responsibility. Without this information, the effectiveness of the report will be diminished.
Knowing which piece of equipment the oil was sampled from affects the ability to identify potential sources of the measured parameters, especially wear particles. For example, the originating piece of equipment can help associate reported wear particles with certain internal components.
The lubricant information can provide a baseline for several parameters, such as the expected viscosity grade, active additives and acid/base number levels. These details may seem straightforward but are often forgotten or illegible on the oil sample identification label or request form.
ref. Fluid Life
The next section (Section B) of the oil analysis report to examine is the elemental analysis or FTIR breakdown. This data can help identify contamination, wear metals and additives present within the oil. These parameters are reported in parts per million (ppm). Still, this does not mean a contamination particle, for example, can only be indicated by sodium, potassium or silicon spikes.
In the example above, the rise in silicon and aluminum could indicate dust/dirt contamination as the root cause. One likely explanation for these spikes is that as dirt (silicon) enters the oil from an external source, three-body abrasion occurs within the machine, causing wear debris including aluminum, iron and nickel to increase.
With a better understanding of the metallurgy within the system’s components, any spikes in wear metals can be better associated, allowing a proper conclusion for which internal components are experiencing wear. Keep in mind that for trend analysis, it is important that samples are taken at an appropriate and uninterrupted frequency.
Graphs in an oil analysis report can help illustrate notable trends in the data. (Ref. Fluid Life)
With elemental data related to contaminants and wear metals, alarms are set for upward trends in the data. For elemental data about additives, alarms are set for downward trends. Having a baseline of new lubricant reference data is critical in assessing which additives are expected and at what levels. These baselines are then established to help determine any significant reduction in specific additives.
Another section of the oil analysis report presents previously identified sample information from the customer such as oil manufacturer, brand, viscosity grade and in-service time, as well as if an oil change has been performed. This is important data that can provide an explanation for what could be false positives in alarming data changes.
The “physical tests” section of a report offers details on viscosity at both 40 degrees C and 100 degrees C, along with the viscosity index and percentage of water. For common industrial oils, the viscosity measurement at 40 degrees C is usually given, since this correlates to the oil’s ISO viscosity grade. If the viscosity index must also be calculated, such as for engine oil, then these additional viscosity measurements will be identified. The viscosity for engine crankcase oils is reported at 100 degrees C.
Water contamination, which often is measured by the Karl Fischer test, is presented in percentages or ppm. While some systems are expected to have high levels of water (more than 10,000 ppm or 10 percent), the typical alarm limits for most equipment are between 50 to 300 ppm.
The “additional tests” section shows two final tests: acid number (AN) and particle size distribution (aka, particle count). When analyzing the acid number, you should have both a reference value and the ability to trend from past analysis. The acid number often will jump considerably at some point. This may be your best indicator for when the oil is oxidizing rapidly and should be changed.
*Gas compressors only ** Air compressors only ***For phosphate ester fluids, consult the fluid supplier and/or turbine manufacturer. R = Routine testing E = Exception test keyed to a positive result from the test in parentheses
The last section of the oil analysis report generally provides written results for each of the final few test samples along with recommendations for required actions. Typically, these recommendations are entered manually by laboratory personnel and based on information provided by the customer and the data collected in the lab.
If there is an explanation for the data that stems from something not explicitly stated by the customer, the results must be reinterpreted by those familiar with the machine’s history of environmental and operating conditions. Understanding the information given here is critical. Remember, there is always an explanation for each exceeded limit, and the root cause should be investigated.
In addition to the raw data shown throughout the oil analysis report, graphs can help illustrate notable trends in the data. Below is an example of trended data points from analyzed data, with the water test having the most notable unfavorable spike.
Along with the trend data, graphs should show typical averages, warning (marginal) limits and alarm (critical) limits. These limits should be modified depending on the type of data collected, the type of lubricant and the machine’s known operating conditions.
Standard alarm limits will be set by the oil analysis laboratory. Yet, if there is any reason to adjust these limits higher or lower, they should be identified properly.
Examples of limits that should be lowered would be those for critical assets or assets that are consistently healthy. A small spike in data would be cause to run an exception test or an immediate second sample for analysis.
In such cases, a second sample would ensure the data received is representative of the oil conditions and not simply a human error in sampling or analysis. If exception tests are needed, the chart above shows which tests would be appropriate when a given routine test limit has been exceeded.
Oil analysis labs have varying capabilities and specialties. Some focus more on specific types of lubricants, such as engine oil, as compared to industrial lubricants like turbine or circulating oil. Most offer a wide array of testing to provide useful information and actionable data.
With all the variables to consider, it would be virtually impossible to identify a single lab as being the best. Simply put, the right oil analysis lab for you will be the one that delivers quality data in a reasonable time and at a reasonable price.
To better understand your lab’s capabilities, open an honest dialogue with them and ask about their core competencies. Be upfront about the type of testing you would like performed. Also, inform the lab about your machine classes (gearboxes, turbines, hydraulics, engines, etc.) and inquire about their expertise with these types of equipment.
Probe into their turnaround times and discuss their price for analysis. Don’t forget to ask about volume discounts. This could be a way for both you and the lab to benefit from the partnership. You'll also want to read How to Select the Right Oil Analysis Lab.
The geographic location of an oil analysis lab is tertiary to the quality of the data and the turnaround time for the results. Selecting a lab that can conduct the type of testing required for your plant with a high level of confidence in the data should be your primary concern.
Look for ISO-accredited laboratories that take part in the ASTM Crosscheck Program. This will give insight into the usefulness of the data coming from the lab.
Having a lab nearby does offer some benefits, as it would allow for frequent surprise audits where you could hand-deliver samples to the lab, tour the facility and watch the analysis as it is performed. There may also be a chance to save on shipping costs.
Depending on how close the lab is, the samples might even arrive on the same day. Yet, there would be minimal savings in turnaround time, since most data from the lab will be transmitted electronically.
An oil analysis sampling kit should include everything required to obtain a representative sample from a piece of equipment. Generally, the lab performing the analysis will offer this kit with their service. It should contain disposable tubing, a sample label, a vessel for mailing back the sample and a sample bottle.
Verify that the bottle in the kit is at least certified as “clean.” Tools often not found in the kit include a vacuum sampling pump, an adapter to attach to a sample port, and a purge bottle for flushing purposes. These are all required items that you should keep in your internal kit.
An oil analysis test kit has equipment that will allow for onsite testing of new and in-service oils. Many kits can provide valuable data on key parameters such as viscosity, acid number, moisture content, particle contamination and wear debris. Before being allowed into the plant, all new lubricants should undergo these tests along with laboratory analysis.
Based on inspection results or other condition-based maintenance (CBM) technologies, an oil analysis kit can quickly reveal the condition of the equipment and the lubricant. Each kit should be stored in the lube room and contain testing devices such as a Visgage, acid number/base number test strips, a calcium-hydroxide water-content tester and a patch test kit. You'll also want to take a look at The Basics of Used Oil Sampling
Bennett Fitch is the Chief Strategy Officer at Noria Corporation and part of the services team as a senior technical consultant. He is a mechanical engineer who holds a Machine Lubricant Analyst…